Table 4.
Correlations between self-reported symptoms and neurocognitive parameters (N=106)
| Variables | K-AADHDS |
CES-D | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inattention | Impulsivity/hyperactivity | Total score | ||
| Attention span test | ||||
| Forward (auditory) | 0.032 | 0.026 | 0.032 | -0.151 |
| Backward (auditory) | -0.161 | -0.098 | -0.143 | -0.150 |
| Forward (visual) | -0.168 | -0.131 | -0.165 | -0.208* |
| Backward (visual) | -0.099 | -0.008 | -0.060 | -0.080 |
| Visual TMT | ||||
| TMT-A (selective/focused) | 0.016 | -0.025 | -0.005 | 0.066 |
| TMT-B (divided) | -0.019 | -0.020 | -0.022 | 0.026 |
| Conners’ CPT-3 | ||||
| Measures of inattentiveness | ||||
| Detectability | 0.355** | 0.262** | 0.340** | 0.241* |
| Omission errors† | 0.296** | 0.253** | 0.303** | 0.058 |
| Variability† | 0.253** | 0.280** | 0.293** | 0.130 |
| Measures of impulsivity | ||||
| HRT | -0.095 | -0.017 | -0.062 | -0.079 |
| Commission errors† | 0.324** | 0.131 | 0.252** | 0.295** |
| Perseveration† | 0.238* | 0.203* | 0.243* | 0.123 |
| Measures of sustained attention | ||||
| HRT block change† | -0.104 | -0.179 | -0.155 | -0.144 |
| Measures of vigilance | ||||
| HRT ISI change | 0.276** | 0.268** | 0.299** | -0.005 |
| Verbal memory | ||||
| Immediate recall A1 (verbal) | -0.092 | -0.054 | -0.081 | -0.136 |
| Immediate recall A5 (verbal) | -0.069 | -0.014 | -0.046 | -0.022 |
| Immediate recall A1–A5 (verbal) | -0.071 | -0.004 | -0.042 | -0.136 |
| Visual memory | ||||
| Immediate recall A1 (visual) | -0.151 | -0.158 | -0.170 | -0.040 |
| Immediate recall A5 (visual) | -0.117 | -0.155 | -0.150 | 0.042 |
| Immediate recall A1–A5 (visual) | -0.159 | -0.099 | -0.143 | -0.051 |
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Test | ||||
| Total trials | -0.129 | -0.035 | -0.091 | -0.127 |
| Total errors | -0.152 | -0.058 | -0.116 | -0.131 |
| Perseverative responses | -0.032 | -0.017 | -0.027 | -0.044 |
| Perseverative errors | -0.042 | -0.026 | -0.038 | -0.026 |
| Non-perseverative errors | -0.009 | 0.004 | -0.003 | -0.054 |
| Stroop test | ||||
| Word | -0.250** | -0.265** | -0.283** | -0.246* |
| Color only | -0.241* | -0.273** | -0.283** | -0.244* |
| Color word | -0.171 | -0.181 | -0.194* | -0.349** |
| Word of color word | -0.203* | -0.269** | -0.259** | -0.336** |
| Color of color word | -0.163 | -0.222* | -0.211 | -0.117 |
| Self-report measures | ||||
| K-AADHDS (inattention) | 1 | 0.649** | 0.911** | 0.346** |
| K-AADHDS (impulsivity/hyperactivity) | 0.649** | 1 | 0.905** | 0.321** |
| K-AADHDS (total) | 0.911** | 0.905** | 1 | 0.367** |
| CES-D (total) | 0.346** | 0.321** | 0.367** | 1 |
| FSIQ (N=37) | ||||
| Total | -0.328* | -0.142 | -0.260 | -0.265 |
| VCI | -0.217 | 0.080 | -0.085 | -0.094 |
| PRI | -0.376* | -0.056 | -0.242 | -0.170 |
| WMI | -0.426* | -0.137 | -0.309 | -0.210 |
| PSI | -0.265 | -0.189 | -0.243 | -0.197 |
Statistics was analyzed using Pearson correlation.
*
statistically significant (p<0.05);
**
statistically significant (p<0.01);
†
lower scores indicate better performance.
TMT, Trail Making Test; CPT, Continuous Performance Test; HRT, hit reaction time; HRT ISI, HRT interstimulus interval; K-AADHDS, Korean Adult ADHD Scale; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; FSIQ, Full Scale Intelligence Quotient; VCI, Verbal Comprehension Index; PRI, Perceptual Reasoning Index; WMI, Working-Memory Index; PSI, Processing Speed Index; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder