Fig. 10.

depicts the interaction of bioactive compoundsd, such as costunolidee (C₁₅H₂₀O₂) dehydrocostuss-lactonee (C₁₅H18O₂), and cynaropicrinn (C₁₉H₂₂O₆) with immune responses to pathogens in the respiratory system, which contributese to the development of COPD. [A] shows the chemical structures of the compounds. [B] illustrates the initiation of an immune response to different pathogens (bacteria, particles, and viruses) including eosinophils, macrophages, and neutrophils. These cells release inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to airway inflammation, remodeling, and subsequent lung damage, which are critical processes in the pathogenesis of COPD. This figure highlights the potential therapeutic roles of these bioactive compounds in modulating detrimental immune responses.