Fig. 2.
Illustrates the stages of wound healing facilitated by natural compounds, detailing the inflammatory response, immune recruitment, and pathogen removal, which are mediated by specific chemical compounds: costunolide (C15H20O2), dehydrocostus lactone (C15H18O2), and cynaropicrin (C19H22O6). It shows a cascade from the initial pathogen invasion at the wound site, eliciting an inflammatory response from mast cells and macrophages, through the recruitment of immune cells such as monocytes and neutrophils, which aid in tissue regeneration, to the final healing stage with complete pathogen clearance and tissue restoration. The panels effectively depict the cellular activities and signaling involved, highlighting the dynamic interplay between immune responses and the molecular mechanisms of natural compounds in promoting wound healing.