Fig. 4.

Illustrates the hepatic lobule, a key structural and functional unit of the liver, detailing its cross-section and vertical structure. This highlights how the bioactive compounds costunolide, Dehydrocostus lactone, and cynaropicrin affect liver health. Costunolide and Dehydrocostus lactone promote hepatoprotection through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, thereby reducing liver disease progression. Dehydrocostus lactone also has anti-cancer properties, which are critical for targeting liver cancer. Cynaropicrin supports liver health through its immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects, which are essential for managing autoimmune disorders and preventing infection. Collectively, these compounds enhance the essential functions of the liver in metabolism, detoxification, protein synthesis, and bile production, offering significant therapeutic potential for liver health maintenance and disease intervention.