Fig. 8.

Shows the release of antimicrobial peptides by Paneth cells and the interaction of the bioactive compounds costunolide (C₁₅H₂0O₂), Dehydrocostus lactone (C₁₅H₁₈O₂), and cynaropicrin (C₁₉H₂₂O₆) with the immune components of the intestinal mucosa. This shows how these compounds influence cellular responses in the gut. Goblet cells produce mucus that captures bacteria, whereas macrophages and Paneth cells actively engage in the destruction of these pathogens. Positioned at the base of the intestinal crypts, Paneth cells release antimicrobial peptides that strengthen the mucosal barrier.