Table 1.

Region-wise ethnomedical uses of Saussurea costus.

Part	Region	Biomedical and biopharmaceutical uses	Reference
Root	•Trans-Himalayan region.	•Dysentery, ulcer, stomachache.	Pachiyappan et al. [63],
Decoction of roots	•Kullu region.	•Cough and cold align.	Liu et al. [96],
Root/root powder	•Hakims and vaidyas of North India.	•The diseases listed are quartan malaria, leprosy, persistent hiccups, chronic gastritis, stomach ulcers, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, and inflammation-related illnesses.	Lunz et al. [123],
Decoction of root	•Tolcha tribes of Nanda devi region of Uttaranchal.	•Stomachache, toothache, typhoid fever.	Awoke [211]
Root	•Northern mountain region of India.	•Asthma, dysentery, skin disorders, and toothache.	Priyadarshi et al. [212],
Root	•Mountain regions of north India.	•Used to protect clothes from insect.	Pachiyappan et al. [63],
Root	•Ambala Haryana region.	•Rheumatism, cold, cough, headache, stomachache, and throat infection.	Tousson et al. [58],
Root	•Kashmir region.	•Chronic gastritis, stomach ulcers, and inflammation-related diseases.	Mujammami [37],
Root	•Kumaon region of Uttaranchal.	•Stomachache.	Pachiyappan et at. [63],
Leaves	•Lahul region of Himachal Pradesh.	•Chewed/edible, Snake repellent, used as incense.	Samant et al. [213],