Table 12.
Pooled mean estimates of correlation coefficient (r) in detecting the severity of sleep apnea by several factors.
| Groups | Studies, n (%) | Sample size, N | Correlation coefficient (%), range | Pooled mean correlation coefficient (%; 95% CI) | Heterogeneity measures | Test for subgroup differences, P value | |||||||||||||
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Tau2 | Q (P value) | I² (%) |
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| Type of algorithm | .12 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Machine learning | 3 (8) | 526 | 0.90 to 0.96 | 0.922 (0.66 to0.98) | 0.0987 | 25.6 (<.01) | 92 |
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Deep learning | 9 (24) | 740 | 0.64 to 0.91 | 0.856 (0.79 to0.90) | 0.0552 | 53.1 (<.01) | 85 |
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| Sample size, n | .79 | ||||||||||||||||||
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≤100 | 9 (24) | 541 | 0.64 to 0.90 | 0.879 (0.85 to0.90) | 0.0001 | 12.7 (.12) | 37 |
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>100 | 3 (8) | 725 | 0.71 to 0.96 | 0.896 (0.12 to0.99) | 0.2849 | 173.0 (<.01) | 99 |
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| Type of sleep apnea | .54 | ||||||||||||||||||
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All | 8 (21) | 802 | 0.64 to 0.96 | 0.886 (0.81 to0.93) | 0.0918 | 80.2 (<.01) | 91 |
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Obstructive sleep apnea | 4 (11) | 464 | 0.71 to 0.90 | 0.859 (0.68 to0.94) | 0.759 | 34.7 (<.01) | 91 |
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| Status of the WDa | .35 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Commercial | 10 (26) | 1177 | 0.64 to 0.96 | 0.881 (0.82 to 0.92) | 0.0977 | 191.1 (<.01) | 95 |
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Noncommercial | 2 (5) | 89 | 0.84 to 0.86 | 0.856 (0.72 to 0.93) | 0.0000 | 0.1 (.79) | 0 |
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| Placement of the WD | <.001 b | ||||||||||||||||||
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Wrist | 2 (5) | 316 | 0.71 to 0.91 | 0.833 (–0.99 to 1.00) | 0.1948 | 20.1 (<.01) | 95 |
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Chest | 2 (5) | 452 | 0.87 to 0.96 | 0.929 (–0.98 to 1.00) | 0.1765 | 16.7 (<.01) | 94 |
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Finger | 3 (8) | 212 | 0.89 to 0.90 | 0.894 (0.88 to0.91) | 0.0000 | 0.1 (.93) | 0 |
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Neck | 2 (5) | 89 | 0.84 to 0.86 | 0.856 (0.72 to0.93) | 0.0000 | 0.1 (.79) | 0 |
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Abdomen | 2 (5) | 158 | 0.89 to 0.90 | 0.894 (0.81 to 0.94) | 0.0000 | 0.1 (.76) | 0 |
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| Data type | <.001 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Respiration data | 2 (5) | 89 | 0.84 to 0.86 | 0.856 (0.72 to 0.93) | 0.0000 | 0.1 (.79) | 0 |
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Respiration data and SpO2c | 2 (5) | 438 | 0.64 to 0.96 | 0.878 (–1.00 to 1.00) | 0.6849 | 34.5 (<.01) | 97 |
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Respiration data and HRd data | 2 (5) | 158 | 0.89 to 0.90 | 0.894 (0.81 to 0.94) | 0.0000 | 0.1 (.76) | 0 |
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Respiration data, HR data, and body movement | 3 (8) | 369 | 0.71 to 0.91 | 0.844 (0.38 to 0.97) | 0.1030 | 24.5 (<.01) | 92 |
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Body movement, HR data, and SpO2 | 3 (8) | 212 | 0.89 to 0.90 | 0.894 (0.88 to 0.91) | 0.0000 | 0.1 (.93) | 0 |
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| Validation method | .90 | ||||||||||||||||||
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K-fold cross-validation | 4 (11) | 527 | 0.64 to 0.96 | 0.869 (0.49-0.97) | 0.2315 | 59.3 (<.01) | 95 |
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Train-test split | 7 (18) | 450 | 0.71 to 0.91 | 0.877 (0.82-0.92) | 0.0486 | 50.8 (<.01) | 88 |
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| Overall accuracy | 12 (32) | 1266 | 0.64 to 0.96 | 0.877 (0.82-0.92) | 0.0828 | 194.5 (<.001) | 94 | —e | |||||||||||
aWD: wearable device.
bItalicized values are statistically significant (P<.05).
cSpO2: blood oxygen saturation.
dHR: heart rate.
eNot applicable.