Table 1.
Effects of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in different doses and different target organs
| Administration | Duration | Subjects | Disease | Organ | Key finding | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IP | 10 d | Mouse | High-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes, aging-induced type 2 diabetes | Liver, WAT, SM | Enhanced insulin sensitivity | Yoshinoet al., 2011 |
| PO | 12 months | Mouse (naturally aging) | Liver, WAT, SM | Mitigated physiological decline | Mills et al., 2016 | |
| PO | 10 weeks | Human (female) | Overweight or obese postmenopausalpre-diabetes | SM, liver, AT | Increased muscle insulin sensitivity | Yoshinoet al., 2021 |
| PO | 8 weeks | Mouse | Polycystic ovary syndrome | Muscle, liver, ovaries | Normalized energy metabolism | Aflatounian et al., 2022 |
| IP | 5 d | Mouse | Cardiac-specificKruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) deficience | Heart | Improved heart function | Zhang et al., 2017 |
| IP | 4 weeks | Mouse | Cardiac fibrosis | Heart | Improved heart function | Yu et al., 2020 |
| IP | 10 d | Mouse (maternally aging) | Ovaries | Betterfertilization | Miao et al., 2020 | |
| In vitro | 24 h | Cell (replicative aging MSCs) | MSCs | Alleviated cell aging | Wang et al., 2022 | |
| IP | 4 weeks | Mouse (naturally aging) | Liver | Reduced levels of oxidative stress | Luo et al., 2022 | |
| IP | 3 d, 4 d | Mouse | Sepsis, peritonitis | Heart, lungs | Improved survival | Cros et al., 2022 |
| PO | 7 d, 28 d | Mouse | Silicosis | Lungs | Alleviated lung damage | Wang et al., 2023 |
| In vitro | 24 h | Cell | Hepatocellular carcinoma | HCCs | Prevented cell apoptosis | Garten et al., 2019 |
| PO | 20 d (5-d injection and 5-d pause; four cycles in total) | Mouse | Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment | BT | Prevented cognitive dysfunctions | Yoo et al., 2021 |
| IP (acute experiment),PO (chronic experiment) | 5 d (acute experiment),60 d (chronic experiment) | Mouse | Doxo-induced cardiotoxicity and physical dysfunction | Heart, SM | Prevented damage | Margieret al., 2023 |
| In vitro | 48 h | Cell | Diabetes mellitus (DM)-related corneal epithelial dysfunction | HCECs | Increased survival | Pu et al., 2022 |
| PO | 7 d | Mouse | Retinal detachment | Eyes | Protected retinal photoreceptors | Chen et al., 2020 |
| PO | 25 d | Rat | Adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) | Both hind paws, spleen | Worsened severity of AIA | Wang et al., 2021 |
| In vitro | 20 d | Cell (aging melanocytes) | Melanocytes | Reduced melanin production | Brito et al., 2022 |
IP: intraperitoneal; PO: peros; In vitro: in vitro cell culture; WAT: white adipose tissue; SM: skeletal muscle; AT: adipose tissue; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; HCCs: hepatocellular carcinoma cells; BT: brain tissue; HCECs: human corneal epithelial cells.
To be continued