Table 2. Outcomes of distress latent growth curve models (N = 1047).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |||
| Growth model | |||||
| Intercept | 1.964 (0.069)*** | 1.982 (0.069)*** | 2.961 (0.128)*** | ||
| Slope | -0.040 (0.052) | -0.051 (0.058) | -0.232 (0.217) | ||
| Cov. intercept and slope | -0.177 (0.077)* | -0.113 (0.096) | 0.001 (0.312) | ||
| Time-invariant predictors of latent intercept | |||||
| Gender | -0.173 (0.033)*** | -0.139 (0.038)*** | |||
| Age | -0.173 (0.033)*** | -0.201 (0.039)*** | |||
| Educational level | -0.009 (0.033) | 0.001 (0.038) | |||
| Marital status | -0.012 (0.033) | 0.004 (0.038) | |||
| Municipality size | -0.017 (0.034) | -0.030 (0.039) | |||
| Time-invariant predictors of latent slope | |||||
| Gender | 0.099 (0.060) | 0.369 (0.303) | |||
| Age | 0.103 (0.062) | -0.034 (0.128) | |||
| Educational level | -0.010 (0.057) | 0.042 (0.121) | |||
| Marital status | 0.028 (0.057) | 0.163 (0.171) | |||
| Municipality size | 0.051 (0.058) | 0.185 (0.183) | |||
| W1 Time-varying predictors-concurrent | |||||
| W1 COVID-19 exposure | 0.003 (0.020) | ||||
| W1 COVID-19 stressors | 0.066 (0.022)** | ||||
| W1 COVID-19 threat | 0.156 (0.022)*** | ||||
| W1 Non-COVID events | 0.053 (0.020)** | ||||
| W1 Received support-quantity | 0.150 (0.025)*** | ||||
| W1 Received support-quality | -0.178 (0.026)*** | ||||
| W1 Interaction quantity X quality | -0.075 (0.021)*** | ||||
| W1 Perceived support | -0.131 (0.026)*** | ||||
| W1 COVID-19 coping self-efficacy | -0.311 (0.023)*** | ||||
| W2 Time-varying predictors-concurrent | |||||
| W2 COVID-19 exposure | 0.060 (0.018)** | ||||
| W2 COVID-19 stressors | 0.072 (0.020)*** | ||||
| W2 COVID-19 threat | 0.123 (0.021)*** | ||||
| W2 Non-COVID events | 0.019 (0.018) | ||||
| W2 Received support-quantity | 0.096 (0.026)*** | ||||
| W2 Received support-quality | -0.093 (0.026)*** | ||||
| W2 Interaction quantity X quality | 0.034 (0.021) | ||||
| W2 Perceived support | -0.117 (0.029)*** | ||||
| W2 COVID-19 coping self-efficacy | -0.285 (0.025)*** | ||||
| W2 Time-varying predictors-prospective | |||||
| W1 Received support-quantity | 0.089 (0.026)** | ||||
| W1 Received support-quality | -0.069 (0.027)* | ||||
| W1 Interaction quantity X quality | -0.029 (0.020) | ||||
| W1 Perceived support | -0.012 (0.028) | ||||
| W1 COVID-19 coping self-efficacy | -0.130 (0.025)*** | ||||
| W3 Time-varying predictors-concurrent | |||||
| W3 COVID-19 exposure | 0.018 (0.019) | ||||
| W3 COVID-19 stressors | 0.040 (0.021) | ||||
| W3 COVID-19 threats | 0.132 (0.023)*** | ||||
| W3 Non-COVID events | 0.124 (0.019)*** | ||||
| W3 Sense of danger Ukraine war | 0.059 (0.022)** | ||||
| W3 Received support-quantity | 0.134 (0.028)*** | ||||
| W3 Received support-quality | -0.120 (0.028)*** | ||||
| W3 Interaction quantity X quality | -0.020 (0.022) | ||||
| W3 Perceived support | -0.076 (0.031)* | ||||
| W3 COVID-19 CSE | -0.117 (0.021)*** | ||||
| W3 Time-varying predictors-prospective | |||||
| W2 Received support-quantity. | 0.025 (0.029) | ||||
| W2 Received support-quality. | -0.052 (0.030) | ||||
| W2 Interaction quantity X quality | 0.020 (0.024) | ||||
| W2 Perceived support | -0.058 (0.032) | ||||
| W2 COVID-19 coping self-efficacy | -0.224 (0.026*** | ||||
| Residual variance | |||||
| Intercept | NA | 0.934 (0.016)*** | 0.933 (0.019*** | ||
| Slope | NA | 0.972 (0.022)*** | 0.794 (0.330)* | ||
| W1 Distress | 0.177 (0.036)*** | 0.193 (0.034)*** | 0.266 (0.029*** | ||
| W2 Distress | 0.245 (0.016)*** | 0.240 (0.016)*** | 0.216 (0.014*** | ||
| W3 Distress | 0.140 (0.036)*** | 0.151 (0.035)*** | 0.218 (0.029)*** | ||
| Model fit | |||||
| χ2 (df) | 4.95 (1) | 13.19 (6) | 229.44 (52) | ||
| χ2 p-value | .026 | .040 | .000 | ||
| CFI | .998 | .997 | .943 | ||
| NFI | .998 | .994 | .928 | ||
| RMSEA | .061 | .034 | .057 | ||
| 95% CI RMSEA | [.061, .120] | [.034, .059] | [.057, .065] | ||
| SRMR | .011 | .008 | .023 | ||
Note. β = standardized parameter estimate; SE = standard error; W1 = Wave 1; W2 = Wave 2; W3 = Wave 3; cov = covariance; CFI = comparative fit index; NFI = normative fit index; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; SRMR = standardized root mean square residual. a Women were the reference category.
* p < .05
** p < .01
*** p < .001.