Table 1.
Clinicopathologic characteristics of the study cohorts
| Variable | Developmental cohort (n = 39) | Validation cohort (n = 119) | Application cohort (n = 41) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male | 30 (76.9) | 91 (76.5) | 30 (73.2) |
| Female | 9 (23.1) | 28 (23.5) | 11 (26.8) |
| Age (yr) | 72 (43–97) | 67.5 (35–90) | 68 (43–86) |
| Tumor location | |||
| Urinary bladder | 29 (74.4) | 52 (43.7) | 20 (48.8) |
| Renal pelvis | 4 (10.3) | 19 (16.0) | 11 (26.8) |
| Ureter | 6 (15.4) | 33 (27.7) | 8 (19.5) |
| Othersa | 0 | 15 (12.6) | 2 (4.9) |
| Procedure | |||
| Transurethral resection | 26 (66.7) | 23 (19.3) | 10 (24.4) |
| Curative surgeryb | 13 (33.3) | 86 (72.3) | 23 (56.1) |
| Endoscopic biopsy | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 8 (19.5) |
| Metastatectomyc | 0 | 9 (7.6) | 0 |
| 2022 WHO grade | |||
| Low | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 0 |
| High | 39 (100) | 113 (95.0) | 41 (100) |
| Histologic variation | |||
| None (pure form) | 27 (62.8) | 57 (47.9) | 21 (50) |
| Squamous | 5 (11.6) | 26 (21.8) | 8 (19.0) |
| Sarcomatoid | 3 (7.0) | 8 (6.7) | 3 (7.1) |
| Glandular | 2 (4.7) | 2 (1.7) | 0 |
| Small cell | 2 (4.7) | 0 | 2 (4.8) |
| Micropapillary | 2 (4.7) | 24 (20.2) | 4 (9.5) |
| Poorly differentiated | 1 (2.3) | 0 | 0 |
| Microcystic | 1 (2.3) | 2 (1.7) | 0 |
| Othersd | 0 | 9 (7.6) | 4 (9.5) |
| Nonurotheliale | 0 | 5 (4.2) | 0 |
Values are presented as median (range) or number (%).
WHO, World Health Organization.
This category includes urethra, regional lymph node, distant organ metastasis, and kidney (for collecting duct carcinoma);
Curative surgery includes radical cystectomy, nephroureterectomy, distal ureterectomy, and partial cystectomy specimens;
Metastectomy sites are lymph nodes, peritoneum, adrenal gland, and lung;
In the validation cohort, invasive urothelial carcinoma with nested (4 cases), giant cell (3 cases), and plasmacytoid (2 cases) features were included. In the application cohort, plasmacytoid (3 cases) and giant cell (1 case) features were included;
Non-urothelial carcinoma includes collecting duct carcinoma, urachal adenocarcinoma, and pure squamous cell carcinoma cases.