Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients.
| Characteristics | All patients (N = 1012) | High‐ePVS group (N = 365) | Low‐ePVS group (N = 647) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 70 (61–78) | 76 (68–82) | 67 (58–74) | <0.001 |
| Male sex, % | 773 (76.4) | 209 (57.3) | 564 (87.2) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 (20.9–25.6) | 21.8 (19.8–24.5) | 23.9 (21.8–26.2) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 110 (102–122) | 110 (100–122) | 112 (102–124) | 0.124 |
| HR, beats/min | 70 (64–78) | 72 (65–78) | 70 (64–78) | 0.040 |
| Killip class III or IV, % | 112 (11.1) | 67 (18.4) | 45 (7.0) | <0.001 |
| STEMI | 835 (82.5) | 294 (80.5) | 541 (83.6) | 0.251 |
| Medical history, % | ||||
| Hypertension | 675 (66.7) | 263 (72.1) | 412 (63.7) | 0.008 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 552 (54.6) | 184 (50.4) | 368 (56.9) | 0.055 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 369 (36.5) | 142 (38.9) | 227 (35.1) | 0.253 |
| CKD | 481 (47.5) | 216 (59.2) | 265 (41.0) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 382 (37.8) | 93 (25.5) | 289 (44.7) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 57 (5.6) | 23 (6.3) | 34 (5.3) | 0.581 |
| Myocardial infarction | 62 (6.1) | 30 (8.2) | 32 (4.9) | 0.051 |
| Prior PCI | 97 (9.6) | 41 (11.2) | 56 (8.7) | 0.220 |
| Prior CABG | 11 (1.1) | 5 (1.4) | 6 (0.9) | 0.737 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 89 (8.8) | 46 (12.6) | 43 (6.6) | 0.002 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 32 (3.2) | 15 (4.1) | 17 (2.6) | 0.265 |
| Medication at discharge, % | ||||
| ACEis or ARBs or ARNIs | 972 (96.1) | 342 (93.7) | 630 (97.4) | 0.007 |
| Beta‐blockers | 834 (82.4) | 291 (79.7) | 543 (83.9) | 0.110 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | 125 (12.4) | 65 (17.8) | 60 (9.3) | <0.001 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 76 (7.5) | 29 (7.9) | 47 (7.3) | 0.787 |
| Statins | 886 (87.6) | 298 (81.6) | 588 (90.9) | <0.001 |
| Ezetimibe | 158 (15.6) | 50 (13.7) | 108 (16.7) | 0.242 |
| Loop diuretics | 275 (27.2) | 131 (35.9) | 144 (22.3) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretic dose, mg | 7.9 ± 15.2 | 10.5 ± 17.4 | 6.4 ± 13.7 | <0.001 |
| Culprit artery | ||||
| LMT | 20 (2.0) | 13 (3.6) | 7 (1.1) | 0.013 |
| LAD | 458 (45.3) | 167 (45.8) | 291 (45.0) | 0.863 |
| LCX | 123 (12.2) | 34 (9.3) | 89 (13.8) | 0.048 |
| RCA | 403 (39.8) | 146 (40.0) | 257 (39.7) | 0.984 |
| Multivessel disease | 316 (31.2) | 124 (34.0) | 192 (29.7) | 0.178 |
| Laboratory data at discharge | ||||
| Hb, g/dL | 12.4 (11.1–13.5) | 10.7 (9.9–11.3) | 13.1 (12.5–14.0) | <0.001 |
| Hct, % | 37.4 (33.8–40.6) | 32.7 (30.1–34.2) | 39.7 (37.7–42.1) | <0.001 |
| ePVS, mL/g | 5.1 (4.4–6.0) | 6.3 (5.9–7.0) | 4.6 (4.2–5.0) | <0.001 |
| Alb, g/dL | 3.7 (3.4–4.0) | 3.4 (3.2–3.7) | 3.8 (3.6–4.1) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 38 (32–46) | 40 (33–48) | 37 (32–45) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 80 (65–98) | 75 (63–90) | 83 (67–101) | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 113 (91–147) | 104 (84–131) | 119 (94–153) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.0 (5.3–6.9) | 5.9 (4.9–6.9) | 6.1 (5.5–7.0) | 0.302 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 16.0 (13.0–21.0) | 17.0 (13.0–25.0) | 15.0 (13.0–19.0) | <0.001 |
| Cr, mg/dL | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.3) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.037 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 61.2 (49.0–73.0) | 54.1 (37.0–70.8) | 63.5 (54.1–74.5) | <0.001 |
| Serum sodium, mEq/L | 140 (138–141) | 140 (137–141) | 140 (138–141) | 0.136 |
| Serum potassium, mEq/L | 4.3 (4.0–4.6) | 4.2 (3.9–4.5) | 4.3 (4.1–4.6) | <0.001 |
| Peak CK, U/L | 1843 (898–3,514) | 1,583 (789–3,164) | 2002 (999–3,733) | 0.001 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 197 (92–382) | 324 (199–601) | 139 (76–267) | <0.001 |
Note: Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation for normally distributed variables and median with interquartile range for non‐normally distributed variables. Categorical data are expressed as numbers and percentages.
Abbreviations: ACEis, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; Alb, albumin; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARNIs, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors; BMI, body mass index; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CK, creatine kinase; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ePVS, estimated plasma volume status; Hb, haemoglobin; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; Hct, haematocrit; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HR, heart rate; LAD, left anterior descending artery; LCX, left circumflex artery; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LMT, left main trunk; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA, right coronary artery; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SGLT2, sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2; STEMI, ST‐elevation myocardial infarction; TG, triglycerides.