Table 4.
Baseline characteristics of patients identified as HF using various approaches from a cohort of 200 patients with at least one ICD code for HF.
| n (%) or mean (±standard deviation) | Gold standard HF (n=145) | Model (NLP+ML) classified HF (n=143) | HF diagnosed using ICD codes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| One principal hospital discharge diagnosis of HF (n=31) | Two primary outpatient encounter diagnosis of HF (n=89) | Either one inpatient or two outpatient diagnosis of HF (n=91) | |||
| Age, years | 72.7 (±11.4) | 71.3 (±11.7) | 73.5 (±12.6) | 71.2 (±12.6) | 71.4 (±12.7) |
| Female | 5 (3.4%) | 4 (2.8%) | 2 (6.5%) | 5 (5.6%) | 5 (5.5%) |
| Race | |||||
| White | 126 (86.9%) | 124 (86.7%) | 28 (90.3%) | 76 (85.4%) | 78 (85.7%) |
| African American | 17 (11.7%) | 15 (10.5%) | 3 (9.7%) | 10 (11.2%) | 10 (11%) |
| Others | 2 (1.4%) | 4 (2.8%) | . (.%) | 3 (3.4%) | 3 (3.3%) |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | |||||
| ≤40% | 37 (25.5%) | 33 (23.1%) | 10 (32.3%) | 21 (23.6%) | 21 (23.1%) |
| 41 to 49% | 11 (7.6%) | 12 (8.4%) | 6 (19.4%) | 10 (11.2%) | 11 (12.1%) |
| ≥50% | 30 (20.7%) | 39 (27.3%) | 11 (35.5%) | 24 (27%) | 24 (26.4%) |
| Unknown | 67 (46.2%) | 59 (41.3%) | 4 (12.9%) | 34 (38.2%) | 35 (38.5%) |
| Hospitalization in prior one year | 43 (29.7%) | 48 (33.6%) | 20 (64.5%) | 26 (29.2%) | 28 (30.8%) |
| Smoking history | 18 (12.4%) | 18 (12.6%) | 8 (25.8%) | 16 (18%) | 16 (17.6%) |
| Hypertension | 119 (82.1%) | 116 (81.1%) | 26 (83.9%) | 73 (82%) | 75 (82.4%) |
| Coronary artery disease | 77 (53.1%) | 77 (53.8%) | 20 (64.5%) | 44 (49.4%) | 45 (49.5%) |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 23 (15.9%) | 21 (14.7%) | 3 (9.7%) | 11 (12.4%) | 11 (12.1%) |
| Coronary artery bypass graft surgery | 4 (2.8%) | 4 (2.8%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.2%) | 2 (2.2%) |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 11 (7.6%) | 9 (6.3%) | 2 (6.5%) | 4 (4.5%) | 4 (4.4%) |
| Defibrillator | 4 (2.8%) | 4 (2.8%) | 1 (3.2%) | 2 (2.2%) | 2 (2.2%) |
| Pacemaker | 12 (8.3%) | 12 (8.4%) | 3 (9.7%) | 8 (9%) | 8 (8.8%) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 40 (27.6%) | 34 (23.8%) | 10 (32.3%) | 21 (23.6%) | 23 (25.3%) |
| Lipid disorder | 83 (57.2%) | 87 (60.8%) | 16 (51.6%) | 49 (55.1%) | 50 (54.9%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 58 (40%) | 64 (44.8%) | 15 (48.4%) | 33 (37.1%) | 34 (37.4%) |
| Stroke | 3 (2.1%) | 3 (2.1%) | 2 (6.5%) | 2 (2.2%) | 2 (2.2%) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 32 (22.1%) | 31 (21.7%) | 7 (22.6%) | 15 (16.9%) | 15 (16.5%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 47 (32.4%) | 44 (30.8%) | 10 (32.3%) | 25 (28.1%) | 25 (27.5%) |
| Asthma | 10 (6.9%) | 12 (8.4%) | 2 (6.5%) | 9 (10.1%) | 9 (9.9%) |
| Autoimmune disease | 20 (13.8%) | 15 (10.5%) | 4 (12.9%) | 8 (9%) | 8 (8.8%) |
| Liver disease | 5 (3.4%) | 7 (4.9%) | 3 (9.7%) | 5 (5.6%) | 5 (5.5%) |
| Renal failure and/or dialysis | 24 (16.6%) | 26 (18.2%) | 8 (25.8%) | 16 (18%) | 16 (17.6%) |
| Cancer | 47 (32.4%) | 52 (36.4%) | 14 (45.2%) | 30 (33.7%) | 31 (34.1%) |
| Anemia of deficiency | 13 (9%) | 14 (9.8%) | 7 (22.6%) | 8 (9%) | 8 (8.8%) |
| Anemia of chronic disease | 4 (2.8%) | 5 (3.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (1.1%) |
| Osteoarthritis | 44 (30.3%) | 41 (28.7%) | 11 (35.5%) | 25 (28.1%) | 27 (29.7%) |
| Depression | 24 (16.6%) | 28 (19.6%) | 9 (29%) | 19 (21.3%) | 19 (20.9%) |
| Dementia | 11 (7.6%) | 11 (7.7%) | 1 (3.2%) | 5 (5.6%) | 5 (5.5%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.2 (±7.2) | 30.3 (±7.3) | 30.4 (±5.6) | 31.0 (±8.0) | 31.0 (±8.0) |
| Pulse, beat/min | 79.0 (±16.8) | 77.9 (±16.5) | 79.9 (±14.2) | 79.1 (±16.1) | 78.9 (±16.1) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 134.4 (±22.8) | 133.9 (±23.0) | 133.3 (±22.2) | 134.1 (±23.5) | 134.4 (±23.3) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 72.6 (±14.4) | 73.3 (±14.6) | 74.8 (±14.5) | 73.8 (±15.5) | 74.1 (±15.5) |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.6 (±1.6) | 1.5 (±1.4) | 1.4 (±0.5) | 1.4 (±0.6) | 1.4 (±0.6) |
| Serum glucose, mg/dL | 144.6 (±44.8) | 149.2 (±56.2) | 145.0 (±55.5) | 148.1 (±49.1) | 147.2 (±48.1) |
| Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL | 165.6 (±39.3) | 161.4 (±40.4) | 144.7 (±45.5) | 160.3 (±42.9) | 160.0 (±42.6) |
| Serum sodium, mEq/L | 139.7 (±4.1) | 139.4 (±4.1) | 139.3 (±4.0) | 139.7 (±3.8) | 139.6 (±3.9) |
| Serum potassium, mEq/L | 4.3 (±0.6) | 4.2 (±0.6) | 4.3 (±0.7) | 4.2 (±0.6) | 4.2 (±0.6) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.1 (±2.0) | 12.9 (±2.2) | 12.8 (±2.5) | 13.1 (±2.2) | 13.1 (±2.2) |
| White blood cell, 10^9/L | 8.9 (±4.4) | 8.5 (±4.2) | 7.9 (±2.0) | 8.6 (±4.5) | 8.6 (±4.4) |
| Platelets, 10^9/L | 228.8 (±79.5) | 222.5 (±75.3) | 228.5 (±87.4) | 225.5 (±75.6) | 224.0 (±75.2) |
HF, heart failure; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; ML, machine learning; NLP, natural language processing.