Table 1.
General characteristics of the cohort stratified by in‐hospital mortality
| Overall | No in‐hospital mortality | In‐hospital mortality | P value a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 21 802 | N = 20 348 | N = 1454 | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years | 70 (58–82) | 70 (58–82) | 70 (58–81) | 0.84 |
| Female, n (%) | 9428 (43.2%) | 8841 (43.4%) | 587 (40.4%) | 0.02 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.8 (22.3–30.4) | 25.9 (22.3–30.4) | 25.6 (22.1–30.4) | 0.24 |
| Race, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Asian and Pacific Islander | 1768 (8.1%) | 1625 (8.0%) | 143 (9.8%) | |
| Indigenous | 78 (0.4%) | 72 (0.4%) | 6 (0.4%) | |
| Latino | 3964 (18.2%) | 3664 (18.0%) | 300 (20.6%) | |
| Non‐Hispanic Black | 3185 (14.6%) | 3022 (14.9%) | 163 (11.2%) | |
| Non‐Hispanic White | 10 957 (50.3%) | 10 262 (50.4%) | 695 (47.8%) | |
| Unknown | 1850 (8.5%) | 1703 (8.4%) | 147 (10.1%) | |
| Heart failure, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (EF ≤ 40%) | 7621 (35.0%) | 6979 (34.3%) | 642 (44.2%) | |
| Heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction (EF 41–49%) | 1271 (5.8%) | 1191 (5.9%) | 80 (5.5%) | |
| Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (EF ≥ 50%) | 12 910 (59.2%) | 12 178 (59.8%) | 732 (50.3%) | |
| Location, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Centre 1 cohort | 14 539 (66.7%) | 13 479 (66.2%) | 1060 (72.9%) | |
| Centre 2 validation cohort | 7263 (33.3%) | 6869 (33.8%) | 394 (27.1%) | |
| Medical comorbidities/history, n (%) | ||||
| Aortic valve disorders | 4008 (18.4%) | 3793 (18.6%) | 215 (14.8%) | <0.001 |
| Other valvular heart disease | 9377 (43.0%) | 8817 (43.3%) | 560 (38.5%) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 8781 (40.3%) | 8216 (40.4%) | 565 (38.9%) | 0.27 |
| Cardiac transplant | 1338 (6.1%) | 1305 (6.4%) | 33 (2.3%) | <0.001 |
| Other organ transplant | 1788 (8.2%) | 1633 (8.0%) | 155 (10.7%) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 5022 (23.0%) | 4686 (23.0%) | 336 (23.1%) | 0.97 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | 8434 (38.7%) | 7923 (38.9%) | 511 (35.1%) | 0.01 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 9551 (43.8%) | 8884 (43.7%) | 667 (45.9%) | 0.10 |
| Coagulopathy | 5483 (25.1%) | 4910 (24.1%) | 573 (39.4%) | <0.001 |
| History of coronary artery bypass graft | 2624 (12.0%) | 2455 (12.1%) | 169 (11.6%) | 0.62 |
| Coronary artery disease/acute coronary syndrome | 12 072 (55.4%) | 11 324 (55.7%) | 748 (51.4%) | 0.002 |
| Congenital heart disease | 1855 (8.5%) | 1757 (8.6%) | 98 (6.74% | 0.01 |
| Dementia | 674 (3.1%) | 640 (3.1%) | 34 (2.34%) | 0.09 |
| Depression/bipolar disorder | 5532 (25.4%) | 5208 (25.6%) | 324 (22.3%) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 8025 (36.8%) | 7525 (37.0%) | 500 (34.4%) | 0.05 |
| Dialysis/history of dialysis | 1930 (8.9%) | 1753 (8.6%) | 177 (12.2%) | <0.001 |
| Drug use | 2159 (9.9%) | 2044 (10.0%) | 115 (7.9%) | 0.01 |
| Ejection fraction | 55.0 (35.0–60.0) | 55.0 (35.0–60.0) | 50.0 (25.0–60.0) | <0.001 |
| Ever smoker, n (%) | 9548 (43.8%) | 9017 (44.3%) | 531 (36.5%) | <0.001 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | 162 (0.7%) | 153 (0.8%) | 9 (0.6%) | 0.68 |
| Hypertension | 15 280 (70.1%) | 14 410 (70.8%) | 870 (59.8%) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 11 729 (53.8%) | 11 099 (54.5%) | 630 (43.3%) | <0.001 |
| Iron‐deficiency anaemia | 4311 (19.8%) | 4056 (19.9%) | 255 (17.5%) | 0.03 |
| Liver disease | 5058 (23.2%) | 4521 (22.2%) | 537 (36.9%) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 4393 (20.1%) | 4177 (20.5%) | 216 (14.9%) | <0.001 |
| Pacemaker/ICD/CRT | 4025 (18.5%) | 3788 (18.6%) | 237 (16.3%) | 0.03 |
| History of percutaneous coronary intervention | 3266 (15.0%) | 3054 (15.0%) | 212 (14.6%) | 0.66 |
| Peripheral vascular disease/vasculitis | 8448 (38.7%) | 7923 (38.9%) | 525 (36.1%) | 0.03 |
| Psychosis/schizophrenia | 916 (4.2%) | 855 (4.2%) | 61 (4.2%) | 0.99 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular/connective tissue disease | 2157 (9.9%) | 2025 (10.0%) | 132 (9.1%) | 0.28 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 3308 (15.2%) | 3030 (14.9%) | 278 (19.1%) | <0.001 |
| Ventricular tachycardia | 3701 (17.0%) | 3409 (16.8%) | 292 (20.1%) | 0.001 |
Abbreviations: CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
a
Continuous variables presented as median (25th–75th percentile). Categorical variables presented as n (%).Continuous and categorical variables compared by Kruskal–Wallis and Chi‐squared tests, respectively.