Table 2.
Baseline parameter comparisons between groups
| Echo parameters at T1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 (n = 15) | Group 2 (n = 28) | Group 3 (n = 71) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 60.22 ± 9.72 | 50.65 ± 9.61 a | 55.71 ± 8.68 | 0.005 |
| Height (cm) | 158.73 ± 5.66 | 160.07 ± 6.57 | 160.30 ± 6.10 | 0.663 |
| Weight (kg) | 76.97 ± 17.48 | 72.48 ± 17.48 | 74.88 ± 14.70 | 0.716 |
| BSA (m2) | 1.78 ± 0.17 | 1.75 ± 0.21 | 1.78 ± 0.16 | 0.782 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.64 ± 7.00 | 28.22 ± 6.40 | 29.19 ± 5.73 | 0.495 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 71.00 ± 15.03 | 75.18 ± 10.80 | 70.44 ± 10.70 | 0.153 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 129.53 ± 10.29 | 119.41 ± 12.47 a | 122.12 ± 11.21 | 0.021 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 81.53 ± 4.26 | 74.85 ± 7.09 a | 76.76 ± 8.94 | 0.031 |
| Hypertension | 9 (60.0) | 5 (17.9) a | 20 (28.2) a | 0.014 |
| Diabetes | 2 (13.3) | 1 (3.5) | 3 (4.2) | 0.321 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 7 (46.7) | 4 (14.3) a | 13 (18.3) a | 0.046 |
| LV mass (g/m2) | 83.84 ± 20.36 | 69.48 ± 13.71 a | 76.17 ± 14.66 | 0.019 |
| LVEDV (mL/m2) | 59.90 ± 10.25 | 55.23 ± 8.40 | 56.60 ± 11.04 | 0.393 |
| LVESV (mL/m2) | 23.69 ± 3.84 | 21.64 ± 3.35 | 22.27 ± 4.29 | 0.289 |
| LV stroke volume (mL/m2) | 36.21 ± 6.81 | 33.59 ± 5.50 | 34.33 ± 7.05 | 0.502 |
| LVEF (%) | 60.33 ± 2.53 | 60.93 ± 2.48 | 60.63 ± 2.33 | 0.549 |
| Mean s′ (cm/s) | 6.99 ± 2.39 | 8.46 ± 1.68 a | 8.10 ± 1.4 | 0.039 |
| E velocity (cm/s) | 66.22 ± 8.64 | 72.91 ± 12.60 | 6.88 ± 1.41 | 0.203 |
| A velocity (cm/s) | 74.82 ± 17.20 | 65.79 ± 14.93 | 6.63 ± 1.60 | 0.180 |
| Mean e′ (cm/s) | 7.48 ± 1.96 | 9.46 ± 2.50 | 9.20 ± 4.60 | 0.288 |
| E/e′ | 9.57 ± 2.85 | 8.07 ± 1.89 | 8.25 ± 2.13 | 0.126 |
| GLSendo (%) | 20.48 ± 1.91 | 25.15 ± 2.26 a | 21.33 ± 3.16 b | <0.001 |
| GLSmyo (%) | 18.32 ± 1.72 | 22.51 ± 1.97 a | 19.13 ± 2.78 b | <0.001 |
| GLSepi (%) | 16.54 ± 1.57 | 20.27 ± 1.80 a | 17.29 ± 2.47 b | <0.001 |
| S‐Sr (1/s) | 1.01 ± 0.19 | 1.24 ± 0.19 a | 1.07 ± 0.21 b | <0.001 |
| E‐Sr (1/s) | 1.04 ± 0.30 | 1.62 ± 0.37 a | 1.28 ± 0.33 a , b | <0.001 |
| A‐Sr (1/s) | 0.81 ± 0.27 | 0.91 ± 0.22 | 0.81 ± 0.22 | 0.082 |
Mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; BSA, body surface area; GLS, global longitudinal strain; LV, left ventricular; LVEDV, left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV, left ventricular end systolic volume; Sr, strain rate.
a
P < 0.05 when versus group 1.
b
P < 0.05 when versus group 2.