Table 1.

Forward MR reveals causal links between lifestyle behaviors, socioeconomic status, and AF incidence by the IVW method.

Exposure	Outcome
		NSNPs	Beta	SE	p	OR	95% CI
Lifestyle
Smoking initiation	AF	219	0.172	0.044	0.000	1.187	1.088–1.294
Alcohol consumption	AF	33	0.251	0.159	0.113	1.286	0.942–1.754
PA	AF	8	−0.007	0.035	0.849	0.993	0.927–1.064
Tea intake	AF	40	−0.224	0.182	0.218	0.799	0.559–1.141
Vegetable intake	AF	17	0.886	0.449	0.049	2.425	1.005–5.848
Coffee consumption (cups/day)	AF	5	0.111	0.047	0.017	1.118	1.020–1.224
Coffee consumption (cases vs. controls)	AF	4	0.075	0.030	0.012	1.078	1.016–1.143
Dozing	AF	22	−0.045	0.038	0.238	0.956	0.887–1.030
Getting up	AF	25	0.000	0.001	0.889	1.000	0.997–1.001
Insomnia	AF	11	0.033	0.122	0.790	1.033	0.813–1.312
Lifetime smoking index	AF	110	0.598	0.170	0.000	1.819	1.304–2.536
Morningness	AF	91	0.140	0.100	0.161	1.151	0.945–1.400
Napping	AF	6	0.228	0.067	0.001	1.256	1.100–1.433
SESA	AF	39	0.146	0.163	0.371	1.157	0.840–1.594
Sleep duration	AF	39	−0.221	0.187	0.238	0.802	0.555–1.157
Snoring	AF	27	0.095	0.153	0.534	1.100	0.814–1.485
Alcohol abuse	AF	2	0.533	0.188	0.005	1.703	1.178–2.462
Socioeconomic status
Educational attainment (college completion)	AF	198	−0.691	0.137	0.000	0.501	0.383–0.655
Educational attainment (years of education)	AF	206	−0.059	0.014	0.000	0.943	0.917–0.969
Household income	AF	45	0.036	0.142	0.801	1.036	0.785–1.368
Townsend deprivation index	AF	17	−0.042	0.216	0.847	0.959	0.627–1.465

MR, Mendelian randomization; AF, atrial fibrillation; IVW, inverse variance weighted; PA, physical activity; SESA, sensitivity to environmental stress and adversity; NSNPs, number of single nucleotide polymorphisms; SE, standard error; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.