Table 2.
Studies of early puberty and metabolic diseases.
| Reference | Outcome | Region/study/sample(men/women) | Puberty measure | Adjusted factors | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (30) | Obesity,T2DM,angin, hypertension, breast cancer | Britain/UK Biobank/(197714/25003) 20–49 years old | Age at menarche, Age at voice breaking | Age, Socioeconomic position and adipositya | ORs for obesity, T2DM, angina and hypertension: 1.82 (1.77–1.87), 1.25 (1.15–1.36), 1.54 (1.41–1.68), 1.13 (1.1–1.16) in girls [8–11 vs.13 years (Ref)]; 1.58 (1.50–1.66), 1.24 (1.11–1.37), 1.39 (1.25–1.54), 1.11 (1.06–1.17) in boys [“younger” vs. “average”(Ref)]; OR for breast cancer:1.13 (1.06–1.20) in girls [8–11 vs.13 years (Ref)] |
| (31) | Obesity, triglycerides | Britain/MRCNSHD/(1051/999) 53 years old | Age at menarche, Age at voice breaking | BMI at 7 years | Increased triglycerides in girls and BMI (0.52 kg/m2/year in girls and 0.34 kg/m2/year in boys) |
| (32) | Obesity,T2DM | Europe/EPIC-InterAct/28557 52.4 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Age, BMIa | Increased BMI (0.32 kg/m2/year); HR for T2D:1.64 (1.46–1.83) [8–11 vs.13 years (Ref)] |
| (33) | Obesity, glucose, IFG | America/CARDIA/2583 42–59 years old in girls | Age at menarche | BMIa | Increased BMI (0.88 kg/m2/year), glucose (0.34 ± 0.11 mg/dl/year) and incident of IFG |
| (34) | Obesity,T2DM | America/BioCycle/25318 to 44 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Age, race, education, exercise | Increased BMI (1.35 kg/m2), insulin (15 μIU/ml), HOMA-IR (0.15 U) and HOMA-β (0.16 U)[≤12 vs.13 years (Ref)] |
| (35) | Obesity | America/Midlife Women's Health Study/748 45–54 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Race, menopausal status, education, marital status, weight at age 18, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking | Each year increase in age at menarche, the odds of obesity and super obesity decreased by 31% (OR: 0.69 (0.59–0.81) and 34% [OR: 0.66 (0.52–0.83)] |
| (36) | Obesity | China/CKB/264979 30–79 years old girls | Age at menarche | Age, education, income, smoking, alcohol, exercise and OC using | Increased BMI (0.19 kg/m2/year) and waist circumference (0.38 cm/year) |
| (37) | Obesity, fasting insulin, diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol | Finland/NFBC1966 study/(2417/2641) 30 years old | Age at pubertal height growth spurt | Childhood BMI | Increased adult BMI, fasting insulin, diastolic blood pressure and decreased HDL cholesterol in both sexes |
| (38) | Overweight, obesity | China/(7729/5414) 17–18-y-old | Age of peak height velocity | Height | HRs:1.16 (1.03–1.30) in boys;1.45 (1.21–1.75) in girls [P25< vs. P25-P75 (Ref)] |
| (14) | Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia | Mexico/MNHS/30626 > 20 years old in girls | Age at menarche | BMI | RR for diabetes and hypercholesterolemia:0.95 (0.93–0.98),0.93 (0.90–0.95) per year later age at menarche |
| (39) | T2DM | Korea/KNHANES/4657 20–50 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Age and BMI | OR:2.52 (1.29–4.94) [<12 vs. ≥12 years (Ref)] |
| (40) | T2DM | China/Jinchang Cohort/16114 45.8 years old in girls | Age at menarche | BMI | OR: 1.60 (1.16–2.22) [≤12 VS. 15–16 years (Ref)] |
| (41) | T2DM | China/Kadoorie Biobank/270345 23 years old in girls | Age at menarche | BMI | HR: 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) per year |
| (42) | T2DM | Sweden/UK Biobank/30697 > 30 years old in boys | Age of peak height velocity | Childhood BMI | HRs for early T2DM and late T2DM were 1.24 (1.17–1.31) and 1.11 (1.05–1.17) per year later age of peak height velocity |
| (43) | CVD, CHD, stroke | Britain/UK Biobank/482000 40–69 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Age, smoking, diabetes and BMI | HRs for CVD, CHD and strike were 1.18, 1.05 and 1.17 [<12 vs. >12 years (Ref)] |
| (44) | CHD, cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension | Britain/Million Women/1217840 67.5 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, exercise | RR for CHD is 1.27 (1.22–1.31) [age ≤10 vs.13 years (Ref)]; associations were weaker for cerebrovascular and hypertensive disease than for CHD. |
| (45) | Hypertension | Britain/UK Biobank/(167020/194174) 40–69 years old | Age at menarche, Age at voice breaking | Children BMI | OR:0.89 (0.84–0.95) per year delay age at menarche |
| (46) | Hypertension | China/7518 35–75 years old in girls | Age at menarche | / | OR:0.965 (0.935–0.995) per year younger age at menarche |
| (47) | Stroke | Japan/Ohasama study/1412 > 35 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Age, height, BMI, smoking, alcohol, parity, hormone replacement therapy, menopause, hypertension, diabetes, hyperolesterolemia and heart disease | HR:1.83 (1.04–3.22) [≤13 vs.15 years (Ref)] |
| (48) | MACE | America/WISE/648 63.7 years old in girls | Age at menarche | CVD risk factors | HR:4.53 (2.13–9.63) [≤10 vs.12 years (Ref)] |
a
Where “Obesity” and “BMI” were the outcome, the adjusted models not included “Obesity” and “BMI”. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; CHD, coronary heart disease; RR, relative risk; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; y, year; Ref, reference.