Table 3.
Studies of early puberty and mental disorders.
| Reference | Outcome | Region/study/sample(men/women) | Puberty measure | Adjusted factors | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (67) | Substance use | North Carolina/Context Study/6892 11–17 years old | Perceived pubertal timing | / | Increased risk of substance uses recently |
| (68) | Self-reported criminality, substance use, social isolation, early sexual behavior | North Carolina/GSMS/1420 14–19 years old in girl | Self-reported Tanner stage, Age at menarche | / | Increased incidence of all problems |
| (69) | Antisocial behaviors, depression symptoms | America/Add Health/7802 11–34 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Race, father absence, socioeconomic indicators, household income-to-needs ratio and maternal education | Increased incidence of all problems in early-middle adulthood |
| (70) | School bullying | Europe and America/HBSC study/227443 13.64 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Weight, family structure and socioeconomic, diet quality, classmate support and survey cycle | ORs for occasional victimization, perpetration, frequent victimization and perpetration were 1.21, 1.19 1.35, 1.46 in adolescent [<11 vs. ≥11 years (Ref)] |
| (71) | ADA | America/Add Health/3870 13–17 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Age, race, parents’ marital status, income, number of relationships, self-esteem and antisocial behavior history | Advanced pubertal development was associated with more ADA |
| (72) | Depression | North Carolina/GSMS/630 9–16 years old in girls | Tanner stage IV(Breast development and pubarche) | BMI and obesity status | OR:5.8 (1.9–17.9) [<12 vs. ≥12 years (Ref)] |
| (73) | Depression | China/5795 12–15 years old in girls | Breast development | Age, socioeconomic position, secondhand smoke exposure, parental age, survey mode, childhood BMI | OR:0.83 (0.70–0.98) per year increase |
| (74) | Depression | Britain/Add Health/1260 11–21 years old in girls | Age at menarche | / | Increased more depressive symptoms |
| (75) | Distress, and externalizing and fear disorders | America/NCS-A study/4925. 13–17 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Age, income, race, parent marital status, BMI, and childhood adversity | Increased distress, fear and externalizing disorders |
| (76) | Self-harm | America/ALSPAC/4042 16–21 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Maternal education, material hardship, maternal depression, childhood sexual abuse, parental separation and BMI | OR:1.31 (1.04–1.64) [<11.5 vs. 11.5–13.8 years (Ref)] |
| (77) | Psychological distress | France/6366 18–25 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Age and ethnicity | Increased risk of psychological distress |
| (78) | Suicidal ideation | Korea/KYRBS/35000 12–17 years old in girls | Age at menarche | Age, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms | Suicidal ideation was more prevalence in girls with early menarche |
OR, odds ratio; ADA, adolescent dating abuse; PDS, pubertal development scale; BMI, body mass index; y, year; Ref, reference.