Table 1.

Comparative summary on ureteric and pelvicalyceal anomalies in previous and present studies

Previous studies and present study (yr)	Findings
Privett et al. (1976) [4]	Children with a duplex kidney are at higher risk of reflux, which can cause ureteric and pelvicalyceal dilation and chronic pyelonephritis when urinary tract infections occur.
Ravindra Swamy et al. (2014) [7]	The superior ureter lay posterior to the renal vessels, while the inferior ureter originated at the lower end of the renal hilum.
Moinuddin and Dhanda (2015) [11]	The most common abnormality is complete ureteric duplication, and in patients with complete ureteric duplication, the lower pole ureter drains most of the parenchyma and opens more cranially and laterally into the bladder.
Ojha and Prakash (2016) [9]	Both ureters of bifid ureter traversed superficially to the renal artery and then ran parallel to each other.
Anjana et al. (2017) [12]	The renal pelvis was intrarenal in 79% of the specimens. The most common pattern of the pelvicalyceal system was a bicalyceal configuration, with two major calyces, observed in 35% of the specimens. A rare variation was noted in 1% of the specimens, where extrarenal calyces were present without a renal pelvis, and the ureter originated directly from the union of major calyces. The minor calyces drained directly into the renal pelvis in 8% of the specimens.
Shakthi Kumaran and Chitra (2019) [10]	Unilateral incomplete duplication of ureters, draining from two separate pelvicalyceal systems, crossed twice before converging just prior to entering the bladder.
Protoshchak et al. (2020) [14]	A bifid ureter, as an uncommon variant, is characterized by a low fusion occurring within the intramural part of the urinary bladder.
The present study (2024)	The bifid ureter originated from separate major calyx and renal pelvis with dual calyceal systems. One of bifid ureter, originating from the lower two-thirds of the kidney, traversed anterior to the renal vessels, and another, from the upper third of the kidney, traversed posterior to the renal vessels.