Table 1. Study sample characteristics: overall, by sex and by race/ethnicity groups: HRS 2006–2020^a.

	Overall	Male	Female	White	Black/Hispanic/ Others	Pbsex	Pbrace
	Mean ± SEM, %	Mean ± SEM, %	Mean ± SEM, %	Mean ± SEM, %	Mean ± SEM, %
Unweighted N	N = 6,758	N = 2,869	N = 3,889	N = 5,471	N = 1,287
Sex, % male	41.2	100	0	41.7	38.1	n/a	0.012
Age (years), 2006	78.1 ± 0.1	77.6 ± 0.1	78.5 ± 0.1	78.3 ± 0.1	77.3 ± 0.2	<0.001	<0.001
Race, % Black/Hispanic/ Others	13.5	12.5	14.2	0	100	0.012	n/a
Education:
No degree	25	25.7	24.5	20.1	56.4	<0.001	<0.001
General Educational Development	3.9	4.8	3.2	3.8	4.4	<0.001	<0.001
High School graduate	33.7	27	38.4	35.6	21.6	(Ref)	(Ref)
Some college	19	17.4	20.1	20.2	11.3	0.025	0.44
College degree or higher	18.5	25.1	13.8	20.4	6.3	<0.001	<0.001
Marital status:
Never married	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.3	4.1	<0.001	<0.001
Married/Partnered	53.8	74.3	39.4	55.3	44.3	(Ref)	(Ref)
Separated/Divorced	7.7	6	8.9	7	11.9	<0.001	<0.001
Widowed	36	17.2	49.2	35.4	39.6	<0.001	<0.001
Work status:
Not Working	87.2	82.4	90.5	86.8	89.4	(Ref)	(Ref)
Working	12.8	17.6	9.5	13.2	10.6	<0.001	0.097
Total wealth ($):
<25,000	44.2	31.1	53.2	39.7	72.4	<0.001	<0.001
25,000–124,999	51	61.6	43.6	54.7	27.2	(Ref)	(Ref)
125,000–299,999	4	6	2.8	4.7	0.3	<0.001	<0.001
≥300,000	0.8	1.3	0.6	0.9	0.1	0.001	<0.001
Smoking status:
Never smoker	44.2	28.8	55	43.8	47.2	<0.001	0.015
Past smoker	48.6	64.1	37.8	49.3	44.6	(Ref)	(Ref)
Current smoker	7.1	7.1	7.2	7	8.2	<0.001	0.048
Frequency of PE:
Never	27.2	20	32.3	26.1	34.6	<0.001	<0.001
1–4 times per month	18.8	19.2	18.5	18.3	22	0.002	<0.001
>1 times per week	54	60.8	49.2	55.7	43.4	(Ref)	(Ref)
Self-rated health:
Excellent/very good/good	67.4	68.1	66.8	70.5	47.4	(Ref)	(Ref)
Fair/poor	32.6	31.9	33.2	29.5	52.6	0.37	<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2):
<25	39.5	32.5	44.5	41	30.1	(Ref)	(Ref)
25–<30	38.1	45.7	32.8	37.9	39.6	<0.001	<0.001
≥30	22.3	21.8	22.7	21.1	30.2	<0.001	<0.001
Number of cardiometabolic factors and conditions c:
0	24.9	23.5	25.9	25.5	21	0.32	0.004
1–2	63.4	62.6	64	63	65.7	(Ref)	(Ref)
≥3	11.7	14	10.1	11.5	13.3	<0.001	0.28
CES-D total score	1.48 ± 0.03	1.18 ± 0.04	1.68 ± 0.04	1.40 ± 0.03	1.97 ± 0.07	<0.001	<0.001
Mortality rate, 2006–2020
# deaths per 1000 P-Y with 95% CI	73.8	81.1	68.9	73.9	73.3	n/a	n/a
	(71.8−75.9)	(77.8−84.6)	(66.4−71.6)	(71.7−76.3)	(68.8−78.3)
Poor sleep quality score	2.78 ± 0.03	2.46 ± 0.05	3.01 ± 0.03	2.80 ± 0.03	2.66 ± 0.06	<0.001	<0.001
Dementia status, % yes
Hurd	14.2	12.8	15.3	13.5	19.3	0.013	<0.001
Expert	14.9	12.6	16.5	13.8	21.7	0.001	<0.001
LASSO	16	13.8	17.5	14.8	23.9	0.001	<0.001
Dementia probability
Hurd	0.1	0.09	0.11	0.09	0.17	0.001	<0.001
Expert	0.13	0.11	0.14	0.12	0.2	<0.001	<0.001
LASSO	0.13	0.11	0.15	0.12	0.19	<0.001	<0.001

Abbreviations: HRS: Health and Retirement Study; PE: physical exercise; SEM: Standard Error of the Mean. ^aValues are means ± SE or % ± SE, overall and across sex or race/ethnicity groups for main baseline and fixed sample characteristics (see Covariates section for detail), taking into account sampling weights and sampling design complexity in multiple imputed data. All covariates are measured in 2006 unless stated otherwise. ^bBased on linear or multinomial logit models with sex or race as the only predictors of continuous and categorical variables, respectively, accounting for sampling weights and sampling design complexity in multiple imputed data. (Ref) is included to show which category (the one with the largest sample) was used as the referent in the multinomial logistic regression models. ^cNumber of chronic conditions among hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and stroke.