Table 2. Poor sleep quality, dementia odds (Log_e transformed) and all-cause mortality: Cox PH models, overall, by sex and by race, HRS 2006–2020^a,e.

	Overall	Male	Female	White	Black/Hispanic/Others	Psex	Prace
	β ± SE	β ± SE	β ± SE	β ± SE	β ± SE
Unweighted N	N = 6,718	N = 2,854	N = 3,864	N = 5,440	N = 1,278
Analysis A
Reduced models
Model 1A: Poor sleep quality	+0.022 ± 0.007c	+0.030 ± 0.010c	+0.016 ± 0.009	+0.026 ± 0.007d	−0.009 ± 0.015	0.27	0.021
Model 1B: Hurd dementia	+0.085 ± 0.010d	+0.103 ± 0.005d	+0.082 ± 0.011d	+0.086 ± 0.011d	+0.082 ± 0.018d	0.17	0.59
Model 1C: Expert dementia	+0.151 ± 0.009d	+0.144 ± 0.005d	+0.156 ± 0.010d	+0.156 ± 0.009d	+0.114 ± 0.014d	0.69	0.001
Model 1D: LASSO dementia	+0.194 ± 0.011d	+0.180 ± 0.014d	+0.207 ± 0.014 d	+0.197 ± 0.011d	+0.174 ± 0.018d	0.84	0.028
Full models	N = 6,368	N = 2,653	N = 3,715	N = 5,204	N = 1,164
Model 2A: Poor sleep quality	−0.033 ± 0.009c	−0.016 ± 0.013	−0.044 ± 0.012c	−0.030 ± 0.010c	−0.057 ± 0.022c	0.099	0.032
Model 2B: Hurd dementia	+0.098 ± 0.010d	+0.080 ± 0.015d	+0.114 ± 0.012d	+0.100 ± 0.011d	+0.084 ± 0.017d	0.99	0.041
Model 2C: Expert dementia	+0.101 ± 0.009d	+0.075 ± 0.013d	+0.118 ± 0.011d	+0.108 ± 0.009d	+0.065 ± 0.016d	0.56	0.002
Model 2D: LASSO dementia	+0.150 ± 0.013d	+0.121 ± 0.018d	+0.172 ± 0.016d	+0.153 ± 0.014d	+0.125 ± 0.024d	0.74	0.048
Analysis B
Reduced models	N = 6,718	N = 2,854	N = 3,864	N = 5,440	N = 1,278
Model 1A: Poor sleep quality	+0.072 ± 0.023c	+0.099 ± 0.034c	+0.052 ± 0.028	+0.088 ± 0.023d	−0.026 ± 0.048	0.26	0.017
Model 1B: Hurd dementia	+0.675 ± 0.057d	+0.674 ± 0.080d	+0.684 ± 0.081d	+0.706 ± 0.058d	+0.563 ± 0.116d	0.73	0.012
Model 1C: Expert dementia	+0.731 ± 0.055d	+0.716 ± 0.063d	+0.743 ± 0.078d	+0.745 ± 0.062d	+0.673 ± 0.095d	0.90	0.16
Model 1D: LASSO dementia	+0.681 ± 0.058d	+0.708 ± 0.069d	+0.679 ± 0.083d	+0.696 ± 0.064d	+0.658 ± 0.092d	0.36	0.069
Full models	N = 6,368	N = 2,653	N = 3,715	N = 5,204	N = 1,164
Model 2A: Poor sleep quality	−0.069 ± 0.027b	−0.011 ± 0.037	−0.110 ± 0.033c	−0.056 ± 0.030	−0.147 ± 0.067b	0.036	0.037
Model 2B: Hurd dementia	+0.400 ± 0.065d	+0.304 ± 0.088d	+0.461 ± 0.088d	+0.428 ± 0.070d	+0.300 ± 0.117b	0.78	0.055
Model 2C: Expert dementia	+0.457 ± 0.057d	+0.369 ± 0.069d	+0.510 ± 0.089d	+0.474 ± 0.066d	+0.422 ± 0.096d	0.80	0.13
Model 2D: LASSO dementia	+0.415 ± 0.067d	+0.448 ± 0.073d	+0.410 ± 0.097d	+0.416 ± 0.077d	+0.437 ± 0.102d	0.26	0.37

Abbreviations: HRS: Health and Retirement Study; PH: Proportional hazards; SE: Standard Error. ^aValues are β ± SE, with β representing Log_eHR from Cox PH model for each exposure-outcome relationship. Cox PH models were conducted overall and across sex or race/ethnicity groups, taking into account sampling weights and sampling design complexity in multiple imputed data. All covariates are measured in 2006 unless stated otherwise. Analysis A included continuous forms of dementia probability (Log_e (odds of dementia)) and continuous “poor sleep quality” score; while Analysis B included binary dementia status (3 algorithms) and “poor sleep quality tertile”. ^bP < 0.05; ^cP < 0.010; ^dP < 0.001 for null hypothesis that β = 0. ^eReduced models (Models 1A–1D) were adjusted for age at 2006, sex and race/ethnicity. Full models (Model 2A-2D) further adjusted the reduced model by all covariates described under the Covariates section, including socio-demographic, socio-economic, lifestyle and health-related factors.