Table 3. Dementia odds (Log_e transformed) and all-cause mortality across sleep quality tertiles: Cox PH models, HRS 2006–2020^a.

	T1	T2	T3	Psleepf
	β ± SE	β ± SE	β ± SE
Analysis A
Unweighted N	N = 2,286	N =3,055	N =1,377
Reduced modelse
Model 1A: Hurd dementia	+0.082 ± 0.012d	+0.090 ± 0.018d	+0.080 ± 0.015d	0.37
Model 1B: Expert dementia	+0.158 ± 0.016d	+0.153 ± 0.010d	+0.132 ± 0.016d	0.018
Model 1C: LASSO dementia	+0.204 ± 0.018d	+0.200 ± 0.015d	+0.164 ± 0.019d	0.009
Full modelse	N =2,146	N =2,930	N =1,292
Model 2A: Hurd dementia	+0.119 ± 0.016d	+0.097 ± 0.013d	+0.066 ± 0.019c	<0.001
Model 2B: Expert dementia	+0.122 ± 0.015d	+0.093 ± 0.012d	+0.081 ± 0.019d	<0.001
Model 2C: LASSO dementia	+0.173 ± 0.020d	+0.144 ± 0.017d	+0.122 ± 0.028d	<0.001
Analysis B
Unweighted N	N =2,286	N =3,055	N =1,377
Reduced models e
Model 1A: Hurd dementia	+0.801 ± 0.101d	+0.673 ± 0.068d	+0.505 ± 0.117d	0.003
Model 1B: Expert dementia	+0.836 ± 0.094d	+0.746 ± 0.081d	+0.557 ± 0.107d	0.003
Model 1C: LASSO dementia	+0.717 ± 0.097d	+0.767 ± 0.083d	+0.479 ± 0.103d	0.014
Full modelse
Model 2A: Hurd dementia	+0.574 ± 0.097d	+0.397 ± 0.070d	+0.195 ± 0.136	0.001
Model 2B: Expert dementia	+0.649 ± 0.077d	+0.409 ± 0.097d	+0.291 ± 0.123b	0.001
Model 2C: LASSO dementia	+0.559 ± 0.086d	+0.483 ± 0.081d	+0.136 ± 0.130	0.001

Abbreviations: HRS: Health and Retirement Study; PH: Proportional hazards; SE: Standard Error. ^aValues are β ± SE, with β representing Log_e (HR) from Cox PH model for each exposure-outcome relationship. Cox PH models were conducted overall and across sex or race/ethnicity groups, accounting for sampling weights and sampling design complexity in multiple imputed data. All covariates are measured in 2006 unless stated otherwise. Analysis A included continuous forms of dementia probability (Log_e (odds of dementia)); while Analysis B included binary dementia status (3 algorithms). T1 corresponded to the first tertile of the “poor sleep quality” score (Mean ± SD: 0.49 ± 0.50, range: 0–1); T2 corresponded to the second tertile: (Mean ± SD: 2.90 ± 0.81, range: 2–4); T3 corresponded to the third tertile (Mean ± SD: 6.13±1.19, range: 5–9). ^bP < 0.05; ^cP < 0.010; ^dP < 0.001 for null hypothesis that β = 0. ^eReduced models (Models 1A–1C) were adjusted for age at 2006, sex and race/ethnicity. Full models (Model 2A–2C) further adjusted the reduced model by all covariates described under the Covariates section, including socio-demographic, socio-economic, lifestyle and health-related factors. ^fP-value associated with 2-way interaction term between poor sleep quality tertile and the main exposure dementia odds (Log_e transformed), in a model not stratified by “poor sleep quality” tertile.