Table 2.
Association between STM malignancy and various clinical and US features
| Features | Benign, (n = 585) | Malignant, (n = 442) | p value* | β (95% CI)† | p value† | Score‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.034 | |||||
| Male | 264 | 229 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Female | 321 | 213 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Age (year) | < 0.001 | |||||
| ≤ 45 | 253 | 84 | NA | NA | 0 | |
| 45–60 | 205 | 139 | 0.728 (0.271–1.194) | 0.002 | 1 | |
| ≥ 60 | 127 | 219 | 1.534 (1.072–2.011) | < 0.001 | 2 | |
| Pain | < 0.001 | |||||
| Absent | 432 | 277 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Present | 153 | 165 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Duration (month) | < 0.001 | |||||
| ≥ 12 | 229 | 61 | NA | NA | 0 | |
| 1–12 | 207 | 223 | 0.890 (0.429–1.361) | < 0.001 | 1 | |
| ≤ 1 | 149 | 158 | 0.992 (0.502–1.491) | < 0.001 | 1 | |
| History of malignancy | < 0.001 | |||||
| Absent | 523 | 280 | NA | NA | 0 | |
| Present | 62 | 162 | 1.842 (1.368–2.336) | < 0.001 | 3 | |
| Location | 0.684 | |||||
| Head or neck | 86 | 60 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Trunk or hip | 209 | 151 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Limbs | 290 | 231 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Layer | < 0.001 | |||||
| Superficial | 271 | 65 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Deep | 314 | 377 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Size (cm) | < 0.001 | |||||
| ≤ 2 | 160 | 29 | NA | NA | 0 | |
| 2–5 | 267 | 158 | 0.966 (0.402–1.558) | 0.001 | 1 | |
| ≥ 5 | 158 | 255 | 2.119 (1.526–2.744) | < 0.001 | 3 | |
| Shape | < 0.001 | |||||
| Regular | 449 | 148 | NA | NA | 0 | |
| Irregular | 136 | 294 | 0.709 (0.320–1.098) | < 0.001 | 1 | |
| Margin | < 0.001 | |||||
| Well-defined | 505 | 170 | NA | NA | 0 | |
| Ill-Defined | 80 | 272 | 1.729 (1.326–2.144) | < 0.001 | 2 | |
| Echogenicity | < 0.001 | |||||
| Predominantly isoechoic | 95 | 9 | NA | NA | 0 | |
| Predominantly hyperechoic | 109 | 32 | 1.195 (0.273–2.205) | 0.015 | 2 | |
| Predominantly hypoechoic | 381 | 401 | 1.555 (0.714–2.497) | 0.001 | 2 | |
| Composition | 0.263 | |||||
| Predominantly cystic | 5 | 1 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Mixed | 49 | 30 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Predominantly solid | 531 | 411 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Calcification | 0.009 | |||||
| Absent | 559 | 405 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Present | 26 | 37 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Bone invasion | < 0.001 | |||||
| Absent | 581 | 386 | NA | NA | 0 | |
| Present | 4 | 56 | 1.363 (0.266–2.698) | 0.025 | 2 | |
| Vascularity | < 0.001 | |||||
| Grade 0 | 284 | 54 | NA | NA | 0 | |
| Grade I | 101 | 67 | 0.978 (0.423–1.538) | < 0.001 | 1 | |
| Grade II | 105 | 123 | 1.256 (0.739–1.783) | < 0.001 | 2 | |
| Grade III | 95 | 198 | 1.606 (1.082–2.143) | < 0.001 | 2 |
CI confidence interval, NA not applicable, n number, STMs soft tissue masses, US ultrasonography
* Determined with Chi-square tests
† Determined with logistic regression analysis
‡ Scoring criteria for significant risk factors were based on the rounded standardized β coefficients. As the lowest β value was 0.709, its multiplication by 1.41 made it close to 1. To be standardized, all other β values were multiplied by 1.41 and were rounded to the closest integer