Table 3.

Univariate moderator analyses about the effects of prevalence by questionnaire design and sample features based on sampling years

	Traditional1				Cyber2
	Q (df = 56)	Beta (SE)	F (df = 1.56)	p value	Q (df = 56)	Beta (SE)	F (df = 1.56)	p value
Age	14855.71	− 0.15(0.12)	1.70	0.20	9060.65	0.14(0.11)	1.66	0.20
Questionnaire
Answer setting	12756.51	0.44(0.33)	1.73	0.19	10503.25	− 0.26(0.28)	0.88	0.35
Frequency	16056.91	− 0.12(0.25)	0.24	0.62	10370.75	− 0.28(0.23)	1.49	0.23
Time frame
$\le$3 months	15014.28	− 0.04(0.26)	0.02	0.89	10591.49	0.16(0.25)	0.38	0.54
6 months	16051.48	− 0.19(0.25)	0.56	0.46	10001.16	− 0.16(0.24)	0.45	0.50
12 months	15996.90	0.09(0.26)	0.13	0.72	9363.67	0.35(0.24)	2.18	0.15
Unlimited	15212.22	0.40(0.42)	0.91	0.34	10770.80	− 0.50(0.30)	2.78	0.10
Bully	14759.50	− 0.07(0.26)	0.08	0.78	10578.63	− 0.39(0.24)	2.61	0.11
Multi-school	15966.45	− 0.81(0.45)	3.20	0.08	10802.36	0.06(0.42)	0.02	0.89
Random	16086.37	0.08(0.25)	0.12	0.73	10449.48	0.27(0.22)	1.41	0.24
Income	15982.14	− 0.56(0.31)	3.39	0.07	10815.82	− 0.50(0.28)	3.07	0.09
Region
Europe*	16095.84	− 0.18(0.24)	0.57	0.45	10328.51	− 0.38(0.22)	2.91	0.09
Asia	14862.62	− 0.49(0.30)	2.65	0.11	10097.20	− 0.56(0.28)	4.04	0.05
North America	15888.28	0.42(0.25)	2.88	0.10	10219.01	0.52(0.23)	5.04	0.03
Middle East	15887.44	0.26(0.36)	0.50	0.48	10620.44	0.57(0.32)	3.10	0.08

¹Traditional bullying

²Cyberbullying

*The studies of Australia and New Zealand are included in the European data

All Q statistics significant at p<0.0001