Table 4.
Overview of results for intervention outcomes per study
| Study ID | Report ID | Improved child outcomes | Improved parent outcomes | Improved family outcomes | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | INT | EXT | Measure | INT | Drug abuse | Other | Measure | Family functioning | Parenting | Parent–child relationships | ||
| 1 | 1 | SDQ, CDI, SCARED | + | / | BDI-SF, SSAI | + | / | / | FAD-GF | + + | / | / |
| 2 | 73 | CBCL, SDQ | 0 | + + | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 3 |
93 119 123 |
CDI, BDI, SDQ | + | 0 | / | / | / | / | Interview | + + /0 | + /0 | / |
| 4 | 186 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | DAS, Interview | 0 | / | / |
| 5 | 180 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | interview | + + /0 | / | / |
| 6 |
148 162 177 178 179 |
YSR, CDI, CBCL | + | / | / | / | / | / | Interview | + + /0 | / | + + |
| 7 | 5 |
CDRS-R PHQ-9 |
+ | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 8 |
8 20 34 70 |
CBCL | + + /0 | / | / | / | / | / | PSI-SF, CPIC, other | 0 | 0 | / |
| 9 | 132 | ADIS SCARED | + + /0 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 10 | 10 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | A–O’Leary parenting scale, PSI-SF | / | + a | / |
| 11 |
11 19 31 48 |
/ | / | / | Form-90 | / | + + / + | / | PBI, ARCS | / | + + | + /0 |
| 12 | 21 | / | / | / | Form-90, BDI-II | + + | + + | / | ARCS | / | / | + + /0 |
| 13 | 201 | YSR, CBCL, DIKJ | + /0 | 0 | BDI-II | + | / | / | ESI | / | 0 | / |
| 14 |
18 29 72 82 105 116 122 138 |
CBCL, YRS, CES-D | + + /0 | + + /0 | BDI-II, SCID | + + /0 | / | / | IFIRS | / | + + | / |
| 15 | 26 | SDQ, CDI | + + | / | / | / | / | / | PI-C | / | / | + + /0/– |
| 16 | 45 | SDQ, SMFQ | + | + | / | / | / | / | PSQ, FACES-IV | + /0 | + /0 | / |
| 17 | 62 | BSS, BDI | + /0 | / | BDI-II, SCID-I/P | + + /0 | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 18 | 67 | CBCL | + | + | / | / | / | / | FSS | + | / | / |
| 19 | 71 | SCAS, CAIS, SMFQ, SDQ | + /0 | 0 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 21 | 91 | SDQ | + | + | BSI-18, FAD | + | / | + | APQ, FTRI, CRPBI, CBQ | + | + | / |
| 22 | 101 | MFQ | 0 | / | / | / | / | / | APQ, Interview, other | 0/– | + + /0 | 0 |
| 23 | 109 | BASC | + | + | BSI-18 | + | / | + | MFAD, FTRI; DAS; CRPBI | + | + | / |
| 24 | 118 | VBV | + | + /0 | / | / | / | / | APQ;PSO; PSI | / | + + /0 | / |
| 25 | 135 | CBCL | 0 | 0 | GAS | / | / | + | / | / | / | / |
| 26 | 143 | BASC | + | + | / | / | / | / | SFP | + + / + /0 | + /0 | / |
| 27 | 146 | / | / | / | CES-D | + + | / | / | self-developed scale | / | + + | / |
| 28 |
173 176 |
Amount drug use | / | + | drug use self-report | / | + + /0 | / | MFCS | + + /0 | / | / |
| 29 | 164 | SDQ | + | 0 | / | / | / | / | FACES, other | + /0 | / | 0 |
| 30 | 200 | CES-D, HAM-D, CBCL | + + /0 | 0 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 31 | 92 | TSCC | + /0 | 0 | ASI-V, BDI-II | + | + | / | CTS | / | + + / + /0 | / |
| 32 | 208 | / | / | / | ASI-V | / | + + / + | / | CTS-PC; APQ | / | + /0 | / |
| 33 |
6 202 |
SIQ, A-LIFE | + /0 | / | / | / | / | / | CBQ | / | / | + + |
| 34 |
205 211 |
OYPFS | 0 | 0 | BSI-18 | + | / | + | PCR; PSOC; PSI; GFFS | + /0 | + /0 | 0 |
| 35 | 212 | SCARED | + + | / | ASI-R | + + | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 36 | 94 | YMRS, CDRS-R | 0 | + ^ | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 40 | 214 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | feedback form | + b | / | / |
| Total group effect (+ +) | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | ||||
| Total mixed effects (+ /0) | 9 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 8 | 3 | ||||
| Total time effect only ( +) | 11 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 0 | ||||
| Total null effect (0) | 5 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | ||||
| Total number effects | 27 | 18 | 11 | 5 | 4 | 15 | 16 | 8 | ||||
Note: + + : significantly better outcomes in the intervention group compared to the control group; + : positive significant change in the intervention group, but no difference with the control group, or no control group present; 0: no significant finding on this outcome reported; − : negative significant change in the intervention group; –: significantly better outcomes in the control group compared to the intervention group. A combination of these signs represent varying findings due to multiple outcome measures, multiple reporters, multiple time-points, or reporting of subgroup analyses. ^this study assessed manic symptoms which were grouped into EXT for this table
INT internalising symptoms, EXT externalising symptoms, Child outcome measures = ADIS Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule, A-LIFE Adolescent Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation, BASC Behaviour Assessment System for Children, BDI Beck’s Depression Inventory, BSS Becks Scale for Suicide Ideation, CAIS The Child Anxiety Impact Scale, CBCL Child Behaviour Checklist, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CDI Child Depression Inventory, CDRS-R Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised, DIJK Depression in Jugend und Kindern, HAM-D Hamilton Depression Scale, MFQ Mood and Feeling Questionnaire, OYPFS Ohio Youth Problems and Functioning Scales, PHQ-9 Patient and Health Questionnaire, SCARED Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, SCAS Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale, SDQ Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, SIQ Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire, SMFQ Short Mood and Feeling Questionnaire, TSCC Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children, VBV Verhaltensbeobachtungsbogen für Vorschulkinder, YMRS Young Mania Rating Scale, YSR Youth Self Report Questionnaire. Parent outcome measures = BDI-SF Beck Depression Inventory—Short Form, BDI-II/BDI-SF Beck Depression Inventory II/Short Form, ASI(-R) Addiction Severity Index, BSI-18 Brief Symptom Inventory, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, GAS Global Assessment Scale, SCID-I/P Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (I-Research version). Family outcome measures = APQ Alabama parenting questionnaire, ARCS Autonomy and Relatedness coding system, CBQ Conflict Behaviour Questionnaire, CPIC Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict, CRPBI Revised Child Report of Parenting Behaviour Inventory, CTS(-PC) Conflict Tactics Scale—Parent–Child, DAS Dyadic Adjustment Scale, ESI parenting style inventory, FACES(-IV) Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales—Version IV, FAD-GF Family Assessment Device—General Functioning subscale, FSS Family Support Scale, FTRI Family Times and Routines Index, GFFS General Family Functioning Scale, IFIRS Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales, MFAD McMaster Family Assessment DEvice, MFCS Moos Family Cohesion Scale, PBI Parenting Behaviour Inventory, PCR Parent–Child Relationship scale, PI-C Parent–Child relationship Inventory, PSI(-SF) Parenting Stress Index—Short Form, PSOC Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, PSQ Parenting Style Questionnaire, SFP Programme Evaluation Battery
aThis study reported means to decrease over time, but did not include significance testing as it was a feasibility study
bThis study did not include a baseline assessment but asked participants to rate what changes had occurred due to the intervention (ID-n = 186) or whether participants expected the session to help them with specific outcomes (ID-n = 214)