Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics.
| NC (N = 391) | MCI (N = 485) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD (or %) | n | Mean ± SD (or %) | n | |
| Age at baseline | 73.4 ± 6.44 | 391 | 71.8 ± 7.56# | 485 |
| Male | 162 (41.4%) | 391 | 271 (55.9%)*** | 485 |
| Education | 16.7 ± 2.39 | 391 | 16.2 ± 2.64** | 485 |
| APOE ε4−/− | 266 (68.0%) | 391 | 254 (52.4%)*** | 485 |
| APOE ε4+/− | 112 (28.6%) | 391 | 177 (36.5%)** | 485 |
| APOE ε4+/+ | 13 (3.3%) | 391 | 54 (11.1%)*** | 485 |
| Past medical histories | ||||
| Hypertension | 179 (45.9%) | 390 | 237 (48.9%)# | 485 |
| Diabetes | 47 (12.1%) | 390 | 55 (11.3%)# | 485 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 204 (52.3%) | 390 | 264 (54.4%)# | 485 |
| Smoking | 117 (30.0%) | 390 | 170 (35.1%)** | 485 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 17 (4.4%) | 390 | 17 (3.5%)# | 485 |
| Coronary artery diseases | 37 (9.5%) | 390 | 55 (11.3%)# | 485 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 18 (4.6%) | 390 | 20 (4.1%)# | 485 |
| Neuropsychological scales | ||||
| MMSE | 29.09 ± 1.142 | 391 | 28.06 ± 1.763*** | 485 |
| MoCA | 25.84 ± 2.584 | 389 | 23.22 ± 3.143*** | 484 |
| ADAS-cog13 | 8.55 ± 4.401 | 388 | 14.92 ± 6.671*** | 483 |
| Logical Memory | 13.42 ± 3.212 | 391 | 7.03 ± 3.264*** | 484 |
| ADNI_MEM | 1.08 ± 0.594 | 391 | 0.34 ± 0.664*** | 485 |
| ADNI_EF | 0.97 ± 0.820 | 391 | 0.40 ± 0.883*** | 485 |
| ADNI_LAN | 0.88 ± 0.721 | 391 | 0.36 ± 0.761*** | 485 |
| ADNI_VS | 0.20 ± 0.634 | 391 | −0.01 ± 0.734*** | 485 |
| CSF core biomarkers | ||||
| Aβ42 (pg/mL) | 1354.16 ± 662.193 | 391 | 1067.36 ± 565.004*** | 485 |
| p-tau (pg/mL) | 21.64 ± 9.452 | 391 | 26.46 ± 14.724*** | 485 |
| t-tau (pg/mL) | 237.93 ± 91.014 | 391 | 274.95 ± 129.263*** | 485 |
| CSF GAP43 (pg/mL) | 4952.72 ± 2712.091 | 235 | 5149.99 ± 2858.624# | 396 |
| Neuroimaging | ||||
| FDG (metaROI SUVR) | 1.30 ± 0.054 | 252 | 1.27 ± 0.070*** | 476 |
| B_HP volume (cm3) | 6.69 ± 0.744 | 391 | 6.37 ± 0.921*** | 485 |
| GM volume (cm3) | 505.08 ± 47.354 | 391 | 496.86 ± 49.091* | 485 |
| Ent_thickness (mm) | 3.57 ± 0.285 | 391 | 3.35 ± 0.464*** | 485 |
| WMH volume (cm3) | 5.20 ± 9.113 | 391 | 6.57 ± 8.744* | 485 |
| WMH volume (Logarithmization)a | 0.38 ± 0.564 | 391 | 0.51 ± 0.561*** | 485 |
| WMH volume (Logarithmization)b | −2.77 ± 0.564 | 391 | −2.63 ± 0.558*** | 485 |
The analysis was performed in a subset of the included 1,803 participants, these individuals were non-dementia, had complete demographic information and received one or more clinical follow-up and WMH reexamination within the next 48 months, and had available CSF data (n = 876). Categorical and continuous measures are presented as numbers (%) or means ± standard deviations. The statistical analyses were conducted by chi-square tests for categorical variables and independent two-sample t-tests for continuous variables. *, < 0.05; **, < 0.01; ***, < 0.001; #, > 0.05. Coronary artery diseases include patients who have (or have not) undergone stent placement or bypass grafting. Cerebrovascular diseases refer to transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke. Logical memory indicates the total number of story units that are recalled. ADNI_MEM/EF/LAN/VS refers to the composite measures of memory function/executive function/language function/visuospatial function derived from the ADNI database. MetaROI includes the left angular gyrus, right angular gyrus, bilateral posterior cingulate gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus, and right inferior temporal gyrus, which are the most important hypometabolic regions indicative of pathological metabolic changes in patients with AD. B_HP volume indicates the total volume of bilateral hippocampus. GM volume indicates the cerebral gray matter volume. Ent_thickness indicates the average thickness of bilateral entorhinal cortices. WMH volume (Logarithmization) means natural log-transformed WMH (a) or log-transformed total intracranial volume-normalized WMH (b). NC, cognitively normal control; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; APOE, apolipoprotein E; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; ADAS-Cog 13, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive 13; ADNI, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; MEM, memory sub-domain; EF, executive function sub-domain; LAN, language sub-domain; VSP, visuospatial sub-domain; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; Aβ, β-amyloid; p-tau, phosphorylated tau; t-tau, total tau; GAP43, growth-associated protein-43; FDG, [18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose; ROI, region of interest; SUVR, standardized uptake value ratio; B, bilateral; HP, hippocampus; GM, gray matter; Ent, entorhinal cortex; WMH, white matter hyperintensity; AD, Alzheimer’s disease.