Fig. 3.

Neuro–immune crosstalk in the adipose tissue. a In WAT, TH⁺ sympathetic neuron-derived NE binds to β-adrenergic receptor expressed on adipocytes and ATMs, promoting lipolysis and macrophage polarization to limit the development of obesity. On the other hand, SAM, a unique subset of adipose macrophages, promotes obesity through degrading NE. NE also induces GDNF secretion from MSCs in GAT. GDNF promotes IL-5 and IL-13 production from ILC2s through binding to RET. b In BAT, TH⁺ sympathetic neuron-derived NE activates ATMs to promote sympathetic innervation, enhancing thermogenesis. In addition, γδ T cell–adipocyte interaction increases sympathetic innervation via TGFβ1 signaling