Fig. 8. Plant-derived exosomes in cancer inhibition. (a) Plant exosomes in the sucrose gradients after ultracentrifugation, (b) TEM imaging (scale bar: 100 nm), (c) AFM imaging, (d) hydrodynamic particle size distribution, (e) lipid compositions, (f) protein summary, (g) KEGG annotated statistical charts, (h) Go secondary classification statistical charts of plant exosomes, (i) flavonoids, and (j) polyphenols in plant exosomes. In vitro anti-tumor effects of plant exosomes, (k) cytotoxicity of plant exosomes against various tumor cell lines after co-incubation with plant exosomes, (l) pro-apoptotic properties of TLNTs after co-incubation with plant exosomes, (m) CLSM images of 4T1 cells stained with DCFH-DA after co-incubation with plant exosomes for 4 and 8 h, (n) ROS fluorescence intensity of 4T1 cells after co-incubation with plant exosomes for 4 and 8 h, respectively. (o) Mitochondrial membrane potential changes in 4T1 cells (scale bar: 50 μm), (p) TLNTs restrained cell cycle progression in 4T1 cells after co-incubation with plant exosomes for 12 and 24 h, respectively, (q) western blot analysis of 4T1 cells receiving the treatment of plant exosomes for 48 h. Cyclin A, cyclin B and cyclin D proteins were probed. GAPDH was probed to ensure the equal loading of total proteins in each lane (reproduced with permission under Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license from ref. 103 Copyright@2023 The Authors).