Table 1. Effects of n-3 PUFAs on MMP9: Evidence from Pre-clinical Studies.

S/N	Ref	Model	Main findings
1	[106]	Castrate-resistant chronic cancer progression model	n-3 PUFAs decreased the expression of MMP9 mRNA
2	[107]	In vitro non-small cell lung cancer	DHA reduces the levels of metastasis-associated proteins including MMP9 in a dose-dependent manner
3	[108]	In vitro / in vivo	n-3 PUFAs suppressed MMP9 activity in cancer-associated fibroblasts
4	[115]	Murine periodontitis model	n-3 PUFAs decreased the tissue expression of MMP9
5	[116]	In vitro	Resolvin E1 and resolvin D1 significantly reduced the expression of MMP9
6	[117]	In vitro	n-3 PUFAs inhibited the proteolytic activity of MMP9
7	[118]	In vitro	n-3 PUFAs dose-dependently decreased MMP9 protein levels secreted from LPS-activated microglial cells
8	[119]	In vitro	n-3 PUFAs concentrate downregulated LPS-induced expression of MMP9 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells
9	[120]	In vivo	Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 suppressed the activity of MMP9
10	[121]	Duchenne muscular dystrophy model	n-3 PUFAs reduced MMP9 gene expression and improved myoblast engraftment, satellite cell activation, and muscle regeneration
11	[124]	Abdominal aortic aneurysm model	MMP9 levels in the aortas were reduced following EPA treatment
12	[125]	Abdominal aortic aneurysm model	EPA and DHA significantly decreased the expression of MMP9 in the aortas

EPA, Eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, Docosahexaenoic acid; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; MMP9, Matrix metalloproteinase 9; n-3 PUFAs, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; PBMCs, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells.