Table 1.

Sex-related differences in diabetes mellitus complications and therapeutic use of metformin

Variable	Female (vs. male)
Diabetes mellitus	- Higher all-cause mortality
	- Higher risk PAD
	- Higher RR for oral, stomach, and kidney cancers, and leukemia
Metformin treatment:
Anti-hyperglycemic effect	No difference
Pharmacokinetics	No difference, considering weight difference and monitoring eGFR
ADRs	Higher
CRC incidence rate	Lower
CRC-specific mortality	Lower
COVID-19	Lower severity and mortality

Reprinted from Froldi G. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024;17:478 [31].

PAD, peripheral artery disease; RR, relative risk; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ADRs, adverse drug reactions; CRC, colorectal cancer; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.