Skip to main content
. 2024 Sep 26;14:22041. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-71999-8

Table 4.

Cox regression models for survival in female early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) patients.

OS CSS NCSS
Univariable HR (95% CI) P-value Multivariable HR (95% CI) P-value Univariable HR (95% CI) P-value Multivariable HR (95% CI) P-value Univariable HR (95% CI) P-value Multivariable HR (95% CI) P-value
Age
20–29 Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref –
30–39 1.15 (1.04–1.28) 0.006 0.97 (0.88–1.07) 0.567 1.15 (1.04–1.28) 0.009 0.94 (0.84–1.04) 0.232 1.20 (0.84–1.71) 0.309 1.38 (0.97–1.98) 0.075
40–49 1.28 (1.16–1.40)  < 0.001 1.13 (1.03–1.25) 0.012 1.25 (1.14–1.38)  < 0.001 1.08 (0.98–1.19) 0.141 1.53 (1.10–2.13) 0.011 1.82 (1.30–2.54)  < 0.001
Race
White Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref –
Black 1.35 (1.28–1.42)  < 0.001 1.32 (1.25–1.39)  < 0.001 1.32 (1.25–1.39)  < 0.001 1.32 (1.25–1.40)  < 0.001 1.59 (1.37–1.86)  < 0.001 1.30 (1.11–1.53) 0.001
Asian or Pacific Islander 1.08 (1.01–1.15) 0.028 1.09 (1.02–1.17) 0.013 1.11 (1.04–1.19) 0.002 1.11 (1.03–1.19) 0.005 0.74 (0.57–0.95) 0.019 0.85 (0.66–1.10) 0.225
American Indian/Alaska Native 1.16 (0.97–1.38) 0.104 0.96 (0.78–1.19) 0.732 1.08 (0.89–1.31) 0.444 0.91 (0.73–1.15) 0.447 1.90 (1.22–2.96) 0.005 1.57 (0.90–2.72) 0.111
Unspecified 0.12 (0.07–0.21)  < 0.001 0.22 (0.12–0.39)  < 0.001 0.11 (0.06–0.20)  < 0.001 0.22 (0.12–0.42)  < 0.001 0.21 (0.05–0.86) 0.03 0.21 (0.05–0.87) 0.031
Marital Status
Married Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref –
Single 1.34 (1.28–1.41)  < 0.001 1.29 (1.23–1.35)  < 0.001 1.30 (1.23–1.36)  < 0.001 1.24 (1.18–1.30)  < 0.001 1.88 (1.63–2.18)  < 0.001 1.83 (1.57–2.13)  < 0.001
Unmarried 1.32 (1.24–1.40)  < 0.001 1.23 (1.16–1.30)  < 0.001 1.25 (1.18–1.33)  < 0.001 1.17 (1.10–1.24)  < 0.001 2.04 (1.72–2.42)  < 0.001 1.88 (1.58–2.24)  < 0.001
Unspecified 0.72 (0.65–0.80)  < 0.001 0.90 (0.81–1.00) 0.042 0.68 (0.61–0.76)  < 0.001 0.89 (0.80–1.00) 0.045 1.11 (0.84–1.49) 0.458 0.98 (0.73–1.32) 0.898
Income
 < $35 k Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref –
$35 k—$50 k 0.91 (0.76–1.09) 0.302 0.89 (0.74–1.07) 0.202 0.97 (0.80–1.18) 0.763 0.96 (0.79–1.17) 0.661 0.63 (0.41–0.98) 0.039 0.59 (0.38–0.92) 0.019
$50 k—$75 k 0.79 (0.67–0.94) 0.007 0.82 (0.69–0.99) 0.036 0.87 (0.72–1.05) 0.141 0.90 (0.74–1.10) 0.318 0.43 (0.29–0.66)  < 0.001 0.45 (0.29–0.71) 0.001
 > $75 k 0.70 (0.59–0.83)  < 0.001 0.77 (0.64–0.93) 0.006 0.77 (0.64–0.93) 0.007 0.85 (0.69–1.04) 0.121 0.36 (0.24–0.54)  < 0.001 0.39 (0.25–0.63)  < 0.001
Area of Residence
Metropolitan Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref –
Nonmetropolitan 1.17 (1.10–1.24)  < 0.001 1.15 (1.07–1.24)  < 0.001 1.14 (1.07–1.21)  < 0.001 1.15 (1.06–1.25)  < 0.001 1.43 (1.20–1.69)  < 0.001 1.10 (0.87–1.38) 0.424
Unspecified 1.15 (0.84–1.56) 0.393 1.84 (1.26–2.69) 0.001 1.05 (0.74–1.47) 0.792 1.80 (1.19–2.72) 0.005 2.05 (0.97–4.31) 0.059 1.79 (0.71–4.53) 0.221
Primary Site
Right-sided colon Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref –
Transverse colon 1.11 (1.01–1.22) 0.027 1.10 (1.00–1.22) 0.041 1.11 (1.00–1.22) 0.048 1.10 (0.99–1.22) 0.067 1.16 (0.87–1.54) 0.315 1.18 (0.89–1.57) 0.255
left-sided colon 0.94 (0.89–0.99) 0.024 0.98 (0.93–1.04) 0.527 0.96 (0.91–1.01) 0.121 0.98 (0.93–1.04) 0.602 0.81 (0.69–0.95) 0.012 0.90 (0.76–1.07) 0.241
Rectum/Rectosigmoid junction 0.80 (0.76–0.84)  < 0.001 0.90 (0.84–0.96) 0.001 0.80 (0.76–0.85)  < 0.001 0.90 (0.84–0.97) 0.003 0.78 (0.67–0.92) 0.003 0.79 (0.65–0.96) 0.017
Unspecified 2.19 (1.96–2.44)  < 0.001 1.24 (1.11–1.38)  < 0.001 2.27 (2.03–2.55)  < 0.001 1.25 (1.11–1.40)  < 0.001 1.42 (0.94–2.14) 0.092 1.12 (0.73–1.70) 0.611
Grade
Grade I Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref –
Grade II 2.22 (2.03–2.42)  < 0.001 1.63 (1.49–1.79)  < 0.001 2.49 (2.26–2.75)  < 0.001 1.74 (1.57–1.92)  < 0.001 1.07 (0.87–1.32) 0.534 1.07 (0.86–1.33) 0.522
Grade III 4.56 (4.15–5.01)  < 0.001 2.59 (2.35–2.85)  < 0.001 5.30 (4.78–5.88)  < 0.001 2.80 (2.52–3.12)  < 0.001 1.49 (1.16–1.91) 0.002 1.41 (1.09–1.83) 0.01
Grade IV 4.46 (3.86–5.15)  < 0.001 2.72 (2.35–3.15)  < 0.001 5.14 (4.42–5.99)  < 0.001 2.94 (2.52–3.43)  < 0.001 1.56 (0.95–2.57) 0.082 1.42 (0.86–2.36) 0.172
Unspecified 2.39 (2.17–2.64)  < 0.001 1.56 (1.41–1.73)  < 0.001 2.63 (2.36–2.93)  < 0.001 1.63 (1.46–1.83)  < 0.001 1.37 (1.08–1.74) 0.01 1.20 (0.94–1.54) 0.143
Histology
Adenocarcinomas Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref –
Cystic/mucinous 1.81 (1.71–1.91)  < 0.001 1.15 (1.09–1.23)  < 0.001 1.86 (1.75–1.97)  < 0.001 1.16 (1.09–1.23)  < 0.001 1.37 (1.12–1.67) 0.002 1.22 (0.99–1.50) 0.062
Others 1.62 (1.44–1.82)  < 0.001 1.06 (0.94–1.20) 0.325 1.54 (1.36–1.75)  < 0.001 1.02 (0.90–1.16) 0.757 2.25 (1.67–3.04)  < 0.001 1.56 (1.13–2.15) 0.007
Stage
Localized Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref –
Regional 3.30 (3.07–3.55)  < 0.001 3.04 (2.80–3.29)  < 0.001 4.75 (4.34–5.20)  < 0.001 4.21 (3.82–4.64)  < 0.001 1.14 (0.99–1.31) 0.073 1.39 (1.18–1.65)  < 0.001
Distant 19.85 (18.51–21.28)  < 0.001 15.11 (13.95–16.37)  < 0.001 30.87 (28.29–33.68)  < 0.001 22.52 (20.44–24.81)  < 0.001 1.98 (1.65–2.38)  < 0.001 2.10 (1.69–2.61)  < 0.001
Unspecified 3.30 (2.83–3.84)  < 0.001 2.13 (1.82–2.49)  < 0.001 4.33 (3.63–5.16)  < 0.001 2.79 (2.33–3.34)  < 0.001 1.76 (1.28–2.41)  < 0.001 1.23 (0.87–1.73) 0.24
Radiotherapy
No/Unknown Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref –
Yes 1.16 (1.11–1.22)  < 0.001 1.09 (1.02–1.15) 0.008 1.19 (1.13–1.25)  < 0.001 1.09 (1.02–1.16) 0.009 0.96 (0.82–1.13) 0.643 1.22 (0.98–1.51) 0.074
Chemotherapy
No/Unknown Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref –
Yes 2.77 (2.65–2.90)  < 0.001 0.95 (0.90–1.00) 0.065 3.29 (3.13–3.46)  < 0.001 1.00 (0.94–1.06) 0.908 0.86 (0.76–0.97) 0.018 0.62 (0.52–0.73)  < 0.001
Surgery
No/Unknown Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref – Ref –
Yes 0.24 (0.23–0.26)  < 0.001 0.40 (0.38–0.42)  < 0.001 0.23 (0.22–0.24)  < 0.001 0.40 (0.37–0.42)  < 0.001 0.45 (0.37–0.54)  < 0.001 0.50 (0.40–0.62)  < 0.001

OS overall survival, CSS cancer-specific survival, NCSS noncancer-specific survival, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, Ref reference.