Table 1.
Incidence of Imaging After Surface-Related Trauma on Artificial Turf and Natural Grass by Imaging Procedure, Injury Category, Anatomic Location, and Primary Injury Type a
| Artificial Turf (n = 1097) | Natural Grass (n = 1118) | Total (n = 2215) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n | IR (95% CI) | n | IR (95% CI) | n | IR |
| Imaging procedure | ||||||
| Radiograph | 445 | 4.1 (3.8-4.4) b | 523 | 4.7 (4.4-5.0) b | 968 | 4.4 |
| CT | 19 | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | 36 | 0.3 (0.2-0.4) | 55 | 0.3 |
| MRI | 309 | 2.8 (2.6-3.1) b | 406 | 3.6 (3.4-3.9) b | 715 | 3.2 |
| Total | 773 | 7.1 (6.8-7.3) b | 965 | 8.6 (8.4-8.8) b | 1738 | 7.9 |
| Injury category | ||||||
| Player-to-surface impact | 168 | 1.5 (1.3-1.8) b | 238 | 2.1 (1.9-2.4) b | 406 | 1.8 |
| Shoe-to-surface contact | 486 | 4.4 (4.1-4.7) b | 586 | 5.2 (4.9-5.5) b | 1072 | 4.8 |
| Shoe-to-surface noncontact | 119 | 1.2 (0.9-1.3) | 141 | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) | 260 | 1.3 |
| Anatomic location | ||||||
| Upper body | 140 | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) b | 201 | 1.8 (1.6-2.0) b | 341 | 1.6 |
| Head/neck | 6 | 0.1 (0.0-0.1) | 7 | 0.1 (0.0-0.1) | 13 | 0.1 |
| Shoulder girdle | 77 | 0.7 (0.6-0.9) | 101 | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 178 | 0.8 |
| Arm/wrist/hand | 46 | 0.4 (0.3-0.6) | 70 | 0.6 (0.5-0.8) | 116 | 0.5 |
| Thoracoabdominal | 11 | 0.1 0.1-0.2) | 23 | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | 34 | 0.2 |
| Lower body | 633 | 5.8 (5.5-6.1) b | 764 | 6.8 (6.6-7.1) b | 1397 | 6.3 |
| Pelvis/hip | 9 | 0.1 (0.0-0.2) | 15 | 0.1 (0.1-0.2) | 24 | 0.1 |
| Upper leg | 10 | 0.1 (0.1-0.2) | 20 | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | 30 | 0.2 |
| Knee | 242 | 2.2 (2.0-2.5) | 248 | 2.2 (2.0-2.5) | 490 | 2.2 |
| Lower leg | 78 | 0.7 (0.6-0.9) | 109 | 1.0 (0.8-1.2) | 187 | 0.9 |
| Ankle | 207 | 1.9 (1.7-2.1) | 218 | 2.0 (1.7-2.2) | 425 | 2.0 |
| Foot | 63 | 0.6 (0.5-0.7) b | 118 | 1.1 (0.9-1.2) b | 181 | 0.9 |
| Toe | 24 | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | 36 | 0.3 (0.2-0.4) | 60 | 0.3 |
| Primary injury type | ||||||
| Concussion | 1 | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 3 | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 4 | 0.0 |
| Contusion | 48 | 0.4 (0.3-0.6) b | 98 | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) b | 146 | 0.7 |
| Fracture | 92 | 0.8 (0.7-1.0) | 76 | 0.7 (0.5-0.8) | 168 | 0.8 |
| Herniation | 0 | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 1 | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 1 | 0.0 |
| Hyperextension | 3 | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 7 | 0.1 (0.0-0.1) | 10 | 0.1 |
| Inflammation | 8 | 0.1 (0.0-0.1) | 20 | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | 28 | 0.2 |
| Ligament sprain/tear | 509 | 4.6 (4.3-4.9) b | 588 | 5.3 (5.0-5.6) b | 1097 | 5.0 |
| Muscle strain/tear | 26 | 0.2 (0.2-0.3) b | 78 | 0.7 (0.6-0.9) b | 104 | 0.5 |
| Neural | 2 | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 1 | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 3 | 0.0 |
| Subluxation/dislocation | 35 | 0.3 (0.2-0.4) | 40 | 0.4 (0.3-0.5) | 75 | 0.4 |
| Tendon strain/tear | 12 | 0.1 (0.1-0.2) | 16 | 0.1 (0.1-0.2) | 28 | 0.1 |
| Torn cartilage | 37 | 0.3 (0.2-0.5) | 37 | 0.3 (0.2-0.5) | 74 | 0.3 |
a
Wilks λ imaging procedures, F2,1738 = 4.718; P = .009. CT, computed tomography; IR, incidence rate; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
b
Significant difference between surface types (P < .05).