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. 2024 Sep 3;13(9):1073. doi: 10.3390/antiox13091073

Figure 3.

Figure 3

AdipoRon activates the AMPK pathway and promotes autophagy. (a) Proposed model for the effects of AdipoRon. Briefly, AdipoRon binds to AdipoR1 and activates the AMPK. AMPK plays a pivotal role in initiating autophagy by activating ULK1 and Beclin1, two critical regulators of the autophagic process. AMPK also exerts its regulatory influence by inhibiting mTOR, thereby alleviating mTOR-mediated inhibition of ULK1. LC3-II and p62 are two important proteins in the autophagy process. Pointed arrows indicate activation, while blunt arrows indicate inhibition. (b) AdipoR1 protein levels were measured by ELISA. Phosphorylated and active forms of (c) AMPKα (P-AMPK), (d) mTOR (P-mTOR), (e) ULK1 (P-ULK1), and (f) Beclin-1 (P-Beclin-1) were quantified by ELISA. Absorbance data were presented as relative expression compared with O values. Data are means ± SEM for 6 Y, 6 O, and 9 O-AR. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test to compare the 3 groups of mice. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. Y mice. # p < 0.05, #### p < 0.0001 vs. O mice.