Table 3.
Characteristics of anti-inflammatory non-corticosteroids that were included in the systematic review and their main outcomes.
| References | Design | Population | Age | Gender | Treatment | Noise Exposure | Type, Dose, and Duration of Intervention | Parameters Analyzed | Main Outcomes | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Chen (2023). Fujian (China) [62] |
Prospective cohort | C57BL/6J mice | 5–6 weeks | male | Oridonin (Ori) | Broadband noise (120 dB SPL 0.2 kHz–70 kHz) for 4 h | IP Ori (5 mg/kg) for 24 h, repeated daily for 14 days | a. ABR: +4 d, +7 d, and +14 d b. RNA sequencing c. Immunofluorescence |
Ori treatment (Ori + NE) had significant protective effects on the ABR threshold at all frequencies (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). Transcriptional activation of the endogenous anti-inflammatory factor IL1R2 is an unreported anti-inflammatory mechanism of Ori and presents a novel strategy for treating sensorineural hearing loss | |
| 2. Paciello (2020). Rome (Italy) [63] |
Prospective cohort | Wistar | 2 months | male | Caffeinic Acid (CA) | Pure tone (120 dB SPL, 10 kHz) for 1 h | IP injection of caffeic acid (30 mg/kg) daily for 3 days | a. ABR: 0 d, +1 d, +3 d, +7 d, and +21 d b. Morphological analysis (F-acting staining +6 d) c. Oxidative stress (ROS/RNS and lipid peroxidation detection) d. Antioxidant defenses (Nrf2/HO-1 inmunofluorescence) e. Inflammatory process (NF-kB and IL-1B) |
a. Antioxidant effect: CA enhanced Nrf2 expression and its translocation into the nucleus, indicating the upregulation of HO-1 protein expression, reflecting the endogenous antioxidant response after NIHL b. Anti-inflammatory effect: CA effectively blocked the noise-induced increase in inflammatory molecules NF-kB and IL-1B |
|
| 3. Zawami (2016). Montreal (Canada) [64] |
Guinea pigs | 6 months | female | Pure tone (110 dB SPL, 6 kHz) for 1 h on days +1 and +8 | IP injection caffeic acid (25 mg/kg) daily for 15 d | a. ABR: 0 d, +1 h, +4 h, +8 h, +11 h, and +15 h b. Morphological analysis |
a. In the NE group, ABRs showed the complete recovery of ATS by days 8 and 15 at all frequencies except 20 kHz. b. In the NE + CA group, ATS recovery was impaired at days 4 and 8 at all frequencies (p > 0.05). A daily dose of caffeine had a negative effect on hearing recovery after acoustic overstimulation at multiple frequencies | |||
| 4. Akil Ocal (2019). Ankara (Turkey) [65] |
Prospective cohort | Sprague Dawley | 11 months | male | oxytocin | White noise (107 dB SPL) for 15 h | IT injection of oxytocin (0.1–0.3 mL, it) on days: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 | a. DPOAE b. ABR: 0 d, +1, +7, and +21 d c. Immunofluorescence (caspases 3, 8, and 9, and dUTP) |
In the NE + oxytocin group, ABR thresholds increased significantly on day 1 after acoustic trauma, but no significant differences were observed between thresholds at baseline and on days 7 and 21. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in distortion product otoacoustic emission signal-to-noise ratios measured before and on days 7 and 21 after acoustic trauma | |
Abbreviations: NE (noise exposure). IT (intratympanic). ATS (auditory threshold shift). IP (intraperitoneal). ROS/RNS (reactive oxygen species).