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. 2024 Aug 26;12(9):1946. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12091946

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Gut microbe-derived metabolites are altered in HCC. Plasma levels of gut microbe-associated metabolites were quantified using stable isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in patients with HCC (n = 41) or healthy controls (n = 96). (A) Relative mean plasma concentrations of all metabolites measured. (B–G) Violin plots for individual metabolites that were most strikingly altered in HCC patients compared to controls. Significant differences between groups were tested using a binary logistic regression model with a Bonferroni adjustment for multiple hypothesis testing. Abbreviations: PAG, phenylacetylglutamine; PAGly phenylacetylglycine; PCS, p-cresol sulfate; TMA, trimethylamine; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; 4-EPS, 4-ethylphenyl sulfate; 4-OH-PLA, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid. Stars in this figure indicate the level of statistical significance, * indicates a p-value less than 0.05, ** indicates a p-value less than 0.01, and ***, indicates a p-value less than 0.001.