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. 2024 Aug 26;12(9):1946. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12091946

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Gut microbe-derived metabolites in HCC patients with or without underlying cirrhosis. Plasma levels of gut microbe-associated metabolites were quantified using stable isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in patients with HCC with underlying cirrhosis (n = 25) and HCC patients without cirrhosis (n = 16). (A) Relative mean plasma concentrations of all metabolites measured. (B,C) Violin plots for individual metabolites that were significantly altered in HCC patients with or without underlying cirrhosis. Significant differences between groups were tested using a binary logistic regression model with a Bonferroni adjustment for multiple hypothesis testing. Abbreviations: PAG, phenylacetylglutamine; PAGly, phenylacetylglycine; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; 4-EPS, 4-ethylphenyl sulfate. Stars in this figure indicate the level of statistical significance, * indicates a p-value less than 0.05, ** indicates a p-value less than 0.01.