Table 2.

Examples of responses given by interviewees in relation to each emotion with mapping onto the component process model of emotion.

	Fear	Frustration
Context, including triggers	Appraisal D: “as an animal knows how to deal with the fear and can cope with it” Stimulus properties H: “stimulus whatever that might be … it might be noise… visual, … be a mixture of all of those” E: “something unfamiliar, scary, loud”	Appraisal C: “physical barrier or a psychological barrier” F: “lack of proper stimulation, restricted environment, deprivation of exercise” I: “context for frustration, like whether a dog is tethered and doesn’t want to be” Stimulus properties B: “I guess or whether their activity is directed at a particular barrier or some other sort of restriction like the lead, garden fence…” I: “desired object or social stimulus” I: “there’s a ball, it’s rolled under a sofa and they’ve tried to get it and they can’t”
Behavioural responses, including signals	Behavioural tendencies B: “…looking away. Unless it’s staring at something and they’re trying to go on the offensive to repel.” E: “below threshold would choose to avoid, but once over threshold might choose to go in and fight for it” F: “express the classical biological responses like fight, flight, freeze…” Communicative signals C: “… low body posture, moving away from, things that might be umbrellaed of appeasement- …ears back, looking away, moving away, ducking away, hiding.” E: “Often to the backward leaning body posture, because I think that’s quite good one to be indicative of fear and it helps them with their sort of confusion about fear and frustration.” Escalation in signs G: “this sort of milder lip licking, the ears back, tail low, rolling on the back, this sort of appeasement grin, escalating all the way up to the more aggression, the more overt aggressive behaviour.” Avoidance D: “given enough space there will be avoidance”	Behavioural tendencies C: “whether they kind of give up and get a bit sad or whether they try harder and get more invigorated” D: “higher intensity, repetitive and depending on what we’re goal is sometimes difficult to interrupt” Communicative signals G: “very breed dependent” G: “higher pitch for the sort of frustrated, pro social bark” H: “I see that with the vocalizations …they become more intense the more frustrated the animal gets. …often starting off low level and then seeing that ramping up really.” H: “quite like repetitive movement patterns, sometimes escalating movement patterns for example if they’re trying to access something up or get out of something that they want to be away from that you might see kind of an escalation in the intensity of that behaviour” I: “physical agitation” C: “whole range depending on the cause of frustration and how physiologically aroused the dog is at the time”
Signs of arousal	D: “in a fear, like a solid fear is maybe elevation of like things that are indicative of arousal, elevation of heart rate, dilation of pupils, heart rate” D: “high arousal state of fear, then they would be raised, but not if there are low arousal state of fear but you could also get the hackles raised for different emotional states as well” B: “physiological so there would there would be highly stressed dogs physiologically.”	F: “Well if you imagine that this dog is really jumping towards barking, and so on, so tense body… he might have increased respiratory rate, but not at the level of this scared animal. You will have an animal that is more control, it’s not…panicking like, …losing control of sphincters or things like that” G: “I think the arousal levels would generally be quite high, in my experience, may tend to be higher, but that’s with any emotional response” B: “over arousal at not being able to get the thing they want” D: “I would say it can be very low arousal. It can be a low arousal level of communication where they’re just trying to say I want this. Or it can be very high level arousal, so all the way through the spectrum”
Other	Motivation A: “just trying to get away as well so just really trying to increase distance” Learning history G: “how the development of the fear behaviours has got, so whether it’s the dog feeling fearful for the first time they’ve encountered that stimulus, or if they are well practiced at.” General assessment F: “in what context the animal expresses, it really depends on the individual, so temperament situation in which the animal is” Feelings C: “If the dog is scared unless it is really panicking and caught for me it’s more of it be quiet but if they are panicking and caught, then like this shriek, scream type behaviour, you more likely to hear …for a dog that’s really scared” D: “A feeling of vulnerability” Justification/inference to motivation B: “Tucked, lack of movement. Unless there’s stiff and staring at the thing that’s worrying them and trying to repel them.” F: “If it’s really terrified and he’s not able to communicate, you might just see that it’s frozen.” Variation C: “there could be quite a lot of variation depending on their the thing that’s making them scared and the dogs learnt history” Breed and genetics G: “breed and all of that’s going to and genetics potentially are going to have an impact on all of these” Classification H: “defensive fear related behaviour”, “territorial based fear” Style: H: “really fearful of other dogs approaching and becomes more kind of defensive, aggressive” I: “pulled back, fearful ears”	Motivation D: “there is normally a goal in mind… you should have observed kind of a movement towards the goal or attempt to attain the goal or desire initially.” D: “… especially if the frustration and the goal is tied up with avoidance, so they don’t necessarily occur on their own, so if the goal is I want to move away and you’re getting frustration based on the inability to move away then you could certainly have all of these things going on at the same time.” Dynamism H: “whilst the dog is still in that kind of active frustration phase …once they …start to shut down, if that is the sadly is the case then that obviously changes but I think was active so frustration” G: “You might see a more impulsive individual so more forward, trying to act on its motivation.” Temperament J: “frustrated dogs tend to show frustration in lots of different contexts as well” F: “frustration and impulsivity run together” Other emotions F: “different kind of expression of frustration, possibly depending on the individual features, both genetic and learned” Style: A: “Intense” B: “hyper, lots of movement” B: “over aroused” I: “there’s something about the … physical agitation…” I: “agitated, but purposeful”