Table 2.

List of dECM scaffolds preservation methods

Method	Mechanism	Advantage	Disadvantage	Applicability	References
Cryopreservation	Use 10% DMSO and rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen	Retain structure and regenerative potential, enable an extended shelf life	Tissue architecture and biomechanical properties degradation, clinical applicability limitation	Most tissues and organs	[96–98]
Lyophilization	Water removal by vacuum sublimation process	Maintain tissues integrity and biological activity	Require subsequent reconstitution step	Skin and pulmonary valve	[83, 99]
Immersion preservation	Store scaffolds in specific liquids such as antibiotics, ethanol, mannitol, saline, or preservative-containing solutions	Maintain the scaffold’s hydrated state, preserve biological activity	Prolonged immersion may alter the scaffold’s structure, and preservatives may be cytotoxic	Pulmonary tissue	[68, 100]