Table 1.
Exerkines produced by human tissues.
| Exerkine | Tissue/Organs | Molecule Type |
|---|---|---|
| Autocrine effects | ||
| 12,13-diHOME (12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid) | BAT (Brown Adipose Tissue) | Lipid |
| Apelin | Muscle | Small Peptide |
| Adiponectin | WAT (White Adipose Tissue) | Protein |
| BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) | Brain, muscle | Protein |
| FGF21 (Fibroblast growth factor 21) | WAT | Protein |
| HSP72 (heat shock protein 72) | Muscle | Protein |
| IL-6 (Interleukin 6) | Muscle | Protein |
| IL-7 | Muscle | Protein |
| IL-15 | Muscle | Protein |
| Irisin (FNDC5) | Muscle | Glycoprotein |
| Lactate | Muscle | Organic Molecule |
| LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor) | Muscle | Protein |
| miRNAs | Sperm | RNA |
| Musclin/Ostreocrin | Muscle, bone, brain | Protein |
| Myostatin | Muscle | Protein |
| Nitric oxide | Endothelium | Inorganic Molecule |
| Reactive oxygen species | Muscle | Inorganic Molecules |
| SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) | Muscle | Protein |
| SDC4 (syndecan 4) | Muscle | Protein |
| TGFβ1 (transforming growth factor β1) | Muscle | Protein |
| OXT (Oxytocin) | Brain, adipose, systemic metabolism | Small Peptide |
| METEORIN-LIKE PROTEIN (METRNL) | Muscle, adipose | Protein |
| Paracrine effects | ||
| Adiponectin | Muscle | Protein |
| Angiopoietin 1 | Vasculature | Glycoprotein |
| Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL8) | Liver, adipose | Protein |
| BAIBA (β-aminoisobutyric acid) | WAT, bone | Organic Molecule |
| BDNF | Nerves | Protein |
| Fractalkine | Leukocytes | Protein |
| FGF21 | BAT | Protein |
| GDF15 | Liver | Protein |
| IL-6 | WAT | Protein |
| IL-7 | Bone | Protein |
| IL-8 | Vasculature | Protein |
| IL-13 | Muscle | Protein |
| IL-15 | WAT | Protein |
| Irisin | Adipose tissue, liver | Glycoprotein |
| LIF | Muscle | Protein |
| Musclin | Cartilage | Protein |
| Myostatin | Bone | Protein |
| SPARC | Extracellular matrix | Protein |
| SDC4 | Muscle | Protein |
| TGFβ1 | Extracellular matrix | Protein |
| TGFβ2 (transforming growth factor β2) | Muscle, BAT | Protein |
| VEGF | Endothelium | Protein |
| OXT | Brain, adipose, systemic metabolism | Small Peptide |
| METEORIN-LIKE PROTEIN (METRNL) | Muscle, adipose | Protein |
The biological pathways of the exerkines reported in the table can be viewed and analyzed on Reactome (https://reactome.org/, accessed on 4 August 2024).