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Expression levels of TNF-α in normal dermal fibroblasts after incubation with peptides (2–10 kDa). TNF-α expression after 2 h incubation of fibroblasts with 250 µg/mL of the peptides (2–10 kDa), 1% (v/v) ethanol (vehicle) or medium (control), followed by further 2 h incubation with (+LPS, orange bars) or without (−LPS, blue bars). Bars represent the average and standard deviation of at least three experiments. * p-value < 0.05.
