Table 2.

Table summarizing key antigens associated with intrahepatic CCA (CCA), with potential as therapeutic targets, available targeting therapies for these antigens, and relevant references.

Antigen	Monoclonal Antibody/Antibody–Drug Conjugates/BITEs/Other Forms of Targeted Therapies	Ref.
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)	Cibisatamab Altumomab pentetate Besilesomab Labetuzumab	[67,68,69,70]
Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)	MVT-5873 (monoclonal antibody targeting CA19.9)	[74]
Mucin 1 (MUC1)	Cantuzumab mertansine Clivatuzumab tetraxetan Gatipotuzumab Pemtumomab	[9,78,79,80,81,82]
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)	Catumaxomab	[83,84,85]
Prominin-1 (CD133)	AC133-vcMMAF (antibody–drug conjugate)	[65,83,92]
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)	Cetuximab Depatuxizumab mafodotin Futuximab Imgatuzumab Laprituximab emtansine Matuzumab Necitumumab Panitumumab Zalutumumab	[65,81,86,87,88,89,90,91]
Glypican-3 (GPC3)	Codrituzumab	[93,94]
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)	PSMA radioligand therapy	[95,96]
Wilms tumor 1 (WT1)	WT1 vaccines and dendritic cell therapy	[60,61,97,98]
Human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)	Trastuzumab Trastuzumab duocarmazine	[86,87,88,99]
Mucin 4 (MUC4)	Small molecule inhibitors	[81,100,101]
Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)	Atezolizumab	[102]
Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1)	Small molecule and macromolecule inhibitors	[76,103]
Mesothelin	Amatuximab	[104,105,106]
Glypican-1	Antibody–drug conjugates	[107]
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2)	Aprutumab ixadotin Bemarituzumab	[108,109]
CD73	AB680	[110]
c-MET	Tivantinib	[111]