Table 3.
Comparison of six methodological approaches to biomimetics.
| Generic Phases | Gramman (2004) [152] | Schild et al. (2004) [152] | Hill (1997, 2005) [152] | Helms et al. (2009) [152] | Nagel et al. (2011) [153] | Chen et al. (2017) [57] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEFINE AND BIOLOGIZE (1) Formulate a goal search problem. |
(1) Formulate a search objective. | (1) Problem formulation that includes success factors, contradictions, and customer views. | (1) Analyze conflicting demands to determine basic functions. | (1) Problem definition: identify functions, subfunctions, and optimization problems. | (1.1.) Definition of the problem. (1.2) Decompose the needs. | (1) Identification of keywords related to the biology of the product design of the BOP pyramid. |
| DISCOVER (2) Search for biological analogues. |
(2) Search and map a set of relevant biological systems. | (2.1) Evaluate: Is the search for analogies promising? (2.2) Search for analogies in social networks or databases. | (2) Identify relevant biological structures. | (2) Search for biological solutions. | (2) Search for functional biological solutions. | (2) Biological case search and resource analysis. |
| ABSTRACT (3) Analyze the biological system. |
(3.1) Analyze the biological system. (3.2) Evaluate the system to determine if a transfer is possible; if not, review the previous steps. | (3) Verification: is the analog system well understood? | (3) Analyze biological structures: extract basic principles, associate preliminary solutions. | (3) Define the biological solution. | (3) Make connections between biology and engineering. | (3) Choosing the appropriate biological case. |
| EMULATE (4) Transfer. |
(4) Implement an analogy. | (4) Assess transferability: Four levels of transfer are proposed. | (4.1) Transfer preliminary solutions to technical solutions. (4.2.) Vary and combine the relevant characteristics of these solutions. |
(4) Application of the principle. | (4.1) Conceptual design of solutions. (4.2) Development of alternatives. | (4) Transfer |
| EVALUATE (5) Evaluation, verification. |
- | - | (5.2) Use common evaluation methods. (5.3) Evaluate the solution chosen. |
- | (5) Validation | (5) Evaluation. |