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. 2024 Sep 11;13(18):1526. doi: 10.3390/cells13181526

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of the structure and composition of Treg-Evs. Treg-EV endonucleic acids: DNA, mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA. Common proteins of Treg-EVs are classified as membrane proteins: TCR/CD3, membrane transporter proteins (flotillin), fusion proteins (annnexins), tetratransmembrane proteins (CD63), cell adhesion-associated proteins (integrins) and lysosomal-related membrane proteins (LAMP-1). Intracellular proteins: heat shock protein (HSP70), endosomal sorting complex for transport (ESCRT), auxiliary protein components (TSG101), GAPDH and cell-specific proteins related to Treg cell surface proteins (e.g., CD4, CD25, CTLA-4, CD73, CD81, etc.).