Table 1.
Study population characteristics.
| Total n = 28 |
Lower UTI n = 4 |
APN a n = 24 |
* p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Age (years) | 9.6 (4.6) | 10.5 (4.7) | 9.5 (4.7) | 0.4739 |
| Male | 21.4 | 25.0 | 20.8 | 1.0 | |
| Female | 78.8 | 75.0 | 79.2 | 1.0 | |
| Personal history | Weight loss | 11.1 | 0.0 | 13.0 | 1.0 |
| Asthenia | 53.9 | 50.0 | 54.6 | 1.0 | |
| Eating difficulties b | 33.3 | 25.0 | 34.8 | 1.0 | |
| Intolerable fever c | 54.2 | 25.0 | 60.0 | 0.3002 | |
| Fever duration (days) d | 2.4 (3.2) | 0.75 (0.25) | 2.7 (3.4) | 0.1142 | |
| Fever peak | 39.3 (0.7) | 38.9 (0.5) | 39.4 (0.7) | 0.2242 | |
| Physical Exam | Asthenia | 57.1 | 50.0 | 58.3 | 1.0 |
| Intolerable fever c | 17.9 | 0.0 | 20.8 | 1.0 | |
| Pain requiring analgesics (>7 years old) | 94.4 | 100.0 | 93.3 | 1.0 | |
| Pain requiring analgesics (≤7 years old) | 30.0 | 100.0 | 22.2 | 0.3000 | |
| Dipstick | Leukocyturia e | 61.6 | 50.0 | 63.6 | 0.6254 |
| Hematuria f | 44.0 | 50.0 | 42.9 | 1.0 | |
| Nitrites | 62.5 | 100.0 | 55.0 | 0.2589 | |
| Biology | WBCs (/mm3) | 14,046 (4870) | 12,925 (3130) | 14,233 (5129) | 0.7947 |
| Neutrophils (%) | 75.1 (12.3) | 76.5 (9.9) | 74.8 (12.9) | 0.7948 | |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 79.3 (73.1) | 50.4 (82.3) | 84.4 (72.2) | 0.1367 | |
| PCT (ng/mL) | 1.5 (3.5) | 0.99 (0.7) | 1.6 (3.7) | 0.5546 | |
| Uremia (mmol/L) | 4.0 (1.5) | 4.13 (1.14) | 4.0 (1.6) | 0.7699 | |
| Creatinine (mcmol/L) | 48.6 (14.6) | 43.5 (15.8) | 49.5 (14.6) | 0.3656 | |
| pNGAL (ng/mL) | 154.6 (89.8) | 130.0 (68.8) | 158.8 (93.4) | 0.6963 | |
| uNGAL (ng/mL) | 588.3 (992.1) | 971.0 (1666.1) | 524.5 (873.9) | 0.6264 | |
| Type of antibiotherapy | Intravenous | 89.3 | 100.0 | 87.5 | 1.0 |
| Oral | 10.7 | 0.0 | 12.5 | 1.0 | |
| Type of care | Hospitalization g | 42.9 | 50.0 | 41.7 | 1.0 |
| Outpatient | 57.1 | 50.0 | 58.3 | 1.0 |
* p < 0.05 (by comparing sample “lower UTI” vs. “APN”). a Parenchymal involvement on MRI was defined by high signal intensity areas on the diffusion sequences and low signal intensity areas on the apparent diffusion coefficient maps; b Eating difficulties are defined as food intake < 50% of daily ration; c At least one of the following signs: cyanosis and/or chills and/or mottling and/or convulsions; d Number of days of fever before the emergency visit; e Positive for a rate > 10/mm3 (i.e., >10,000/mL); f Positive for a rate > 10/mm3 (i.e., >10,000/mL); g In any department. Tests used: Fisher exact test, chi-square test, or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Abbreviations: APN, acute pyelonephritis; CRP, C-reactive protein; PCT, procalcitonin; pNGAL, plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; uNGAL, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; UTI, urinary tract infection; WBCs, white blood cells; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.