Table 2.

Comparison of extracellular vesicles and MDV.

Vesicle Type	Size 1	Origin	Potential Cargo	Destination	References
Exosomes	30 to 140 nm	Inward budding of late endosomes and multivesicular body membrane or fusion with plasma membrane	RNA (primarily microRNA), mtDNA, mitochondrial proteins, transcription factors	Extracellular	[134,135,136,151]
MDVs	70 to 50 nm	Budding from mitochondrial membrane	Damaged or dysfunctional mitochondrial proteins	Lysosomes or cell membrane where cargo secreted in EV	[148,151,152,153]
Microvesicles	100 nm to 1 μm	Budding from plasma membrane	Intact mitochondria, DNA, RNA, ROS regulators, proteins, lipids	Extracellular	[154,155]

¹ Mitochondria are approximately 0.5–1 μm [156].