Figure 11.

Schematic illustration of continuous purification of biological cells by utilizing (a) integrated hydrodynamic purification and dielectrophoretic trapping Reproduced from ref. [111]. Copyright 2020, MDPI, (b) the dielectrophoresis and flow-control system Reproduced from ref. [112]. Copyright 2022, Wiley, (c) optically-induced dielectrophoresis separation of microalgae by applying light patterns under 6 V and 100 kHz AC electric field. Reproduced from ref. [113]. Copyright 2024, AIP Publishing.