Table 2.
DEP manipulation and separation of microparticles and biological cells.
| Method | Structure | Sample | Medium | Application | Flow Rate or Throughput |
Efficiency or Purity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DC-DEP | Sawtooth-shaped structure | HEK 293 cells, NSPCs | DEP buffer | Distinguishing and characterizing | - | >99.99% | Liu et al. [46] |
| Non-uniform electric field generated at the tip of the microtubule | Small extracellular vesicles (30–150 nm) | Biofluid | Isolation | 0.6 mL/h Throughput | >90% | Shi et al. [47] | |
| Sawtooth microchannel | Listeria monocytogenes | Phosphate buffer | Separation and identification | 1.18 × 108 bacteria/s/m2 Throughput | 95% | Crowther et al. [48] | |
| Metal-Semiconductor-Metal | ZnO nanowires (NWs) | Zinc acetate, HMTA | Arrangement | 1.28 A/s Forward Bias 20,000 A/s Reverse Bias |
>90% | Sun et al. [49] | |
| Two electrically insulated columns with different clearances | Exosomes from MCF-7 cells (104.02 ± 6.99 nm) | Bidistilled water | Separation | 0.3 mL/min Throughput | >90% | Ayala-Mar et al. [50] | |
| Asymmetric orifice | Chlorella (3 μm, 6 μm) | PBS | Separation | - | 100% | Gao et al. [51] | |
| Asymmetric orifice | PS (3 μm, 4 μm, 6–7 μm) |
PBS | Separation and counting | 10–20 particle/min Throughput | >90% | Song et al. [52] | |
| Symmetric/Asymmetric ratchet | PS (3 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm) | PBS | Focusing | 1.86 × 10−8 m2/(V·s) | Survival rate 98% | Lu et al. [53] | |
| Bifurcating microchannel | PS (5 μm, 15 μm) | PBS, 0.5% Tween 20 |
Separation | 12 μL/h Throughput |
nearly 100% | Li et al. [54] | |
| Asymmetric nano-orifice | PS (140 nm, 490 nm, 7 μm, 15 μm), magnetic nanoparticles (150 nm), magnetic-coated PS (470 nm, 5.2 μm), sliver-coated hollow glass beads (14 μm) | K2HPO4 | Continuous separation | 0.468 × 10−4 μL/s, 1.315 × 10−3 μL/s |
- | Zhao et al. [55] | |
| Zigzag | PLT (1–5 μm), RBC (4–15 μm) | PBS | Separation | 200 μm/s | >99.4% | Guan et al. [56] | |
| Nano-orifice | Oil droplet | KCl aqueous solution | Oil/water separation | 175.2 µm3/s | - | Ren et al. [57] | |
| Dead-end branches | Droplet of fresh human blood | Blood plasma, RBCs | Blood plasma separation | 0.857 μL/h Throughput | 99% | Mohammadi et al. [58] | |
| Constricted channel region | Protein Crystals (100 nm–2.5 μm) | Pluronic F108 aqueous solution | Sorting | >70 μL/h | >90% | Abdallah et al. [59] | |
| Asymmetric orifice | PS (0.5 μm, 1 μm, 3 μm), Fluorescent (51 nm, 140 nm) | DI water, K2HPO4 | Separation | 4.758–6.717 μL/h | >90% | Zhao et al. [60] | |
| AC-DEP | Nanogap electrodes | SSLBs, brain-derived myelin particles | DI water, PBS | Trapping and immobilization | 10 μL/min | > 90% | Barik et al. [61] |
| Inclined, comb-shaped electrodes | PS (8 μm, 10 μm, 12 μm) Bacillus cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, MCF7, Jurkat | CROSSORTERTM Buffer, PBS | Separation and enrichment | 1–2 mL/h | 92.3% | Oshiro et al. [62] | |
| Asymmetrical aluminum electrodes | Tetraselmis sp. | Artificial seawater medium | Harvesting of microalgae biomass | 2.5 mL/min | 90.9% | Hawari et al. [63] | |
| Microelectrode Needles | T cell (10–15 μm), B cell (7.5–10 μm), MLV |
DI water, Sucrose solution | Directed Movement, Periodic U-Turns, Trapping, and Release | 5 μL/min | >90% | Frusawa et al. [64] | |
| Triangular ratchets | PS (3 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm), yeast cells (7 μm) | PBS | Focusing and separation | 144 μm/s | 90% | Malekanfard et al. [65] | |
| Interdigitated gold electrodes | PS (3 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm) | PBS, sucrose, etc. | Focusing and separation | 40 μL/h | PS: 98.7%, MCF7: 82.2% |
Modarres et al. [66] | |
| Dual electrodes | PS (10 μm), HEK-293 | Sucrose solution | Cell capture and electroporation transfection | 20–140 nL/min | 80% | Punjiya et al. [67] | |
| Transparent parallel-line electrode array | MESCs (5–8 µm), MEFs (10–20 µm) | LCB, HEPES, CaCl2, sucrose solution | Separation | 24 μL/min | 90% | Takahashi et al. [68] | |
| Circular channel with electrodes on the sidewalls | PS (2 μm, 3 μm, 3.5 μm), RBCs, WBCs, MDA-MB-231 | PBS | Separation | 200 μm/s | - | Derakhshan et al. [69] | |
| Nanogap Electrodes | AuNW | Gold Nanowire Suspension | Single Nanowire Assembly | - | 70% | Han et al. [70] | |
| Y-Y shaped microchannel, alternating triangular electrodes | NSCLC, RBC (5 μm), CTCs | Blood sample, Buffer solution | Separation of CTCs | 200 μm/s | 99% | Zhang et al. [71] | |
| Y-Y microfluidic | RBC, CTCs | DEP buffe | Isolation of CTCs from PB | 200 μm/s | 100% | Lv et al. [72] | |
| Stainless-steel wire mesh electrodes | Anabaena | Artificially prepared eutrophic water | Capture and removal of Anabaena algae | 0.168–0.838 L/h | 89.79% | Liu et al. [73] | |
| AC Insulator-based DEP | DNA | PBS | DNA Size Separation | 1.3 μL/h | 92% | Jones et al. [74] | |
| 3D self-assembled ionic liquid electrodes | PS, PC-3, live cells, dead cells, ADSCs, and MDA-MB-231 | DEP buffe | Separation | 15 μL/h | PS, PC-3: 94.7%, live/dead cells: 89.8%, ADSCs: 81.8%, MDA-MB-231: 82.5% | Sun et al. [75] | |
| Four-sector electrode array | PS (50 μm) | DI water | Positioning, and Aggregation, Separation | 200 μm/s | >90% | Zemánek et al. [76] | |
| BPE | CTCs | Buffer | Separation | 0.1 mL/h | >80% | Li et al. [77] | |
| Microwells | CT26, BMDC | Buffer | Cell pairing and fusion | 2.5 μL/min | 86% | Pendharkar et al. [78] | |
| Porous Ni@PVDF conductive membrane | SiO2, Al2O3, BaTiO3 | DI water, NaCl | Membrane antifouling | - | 90.1% | Liu et al. [79] | |
| Asymmetric Orifice | Yeast cells | DI water, K2HPO4 | Continuous cell characterization and separation | 13.5 μL/h | - | Zhao et al. [80] | |
| 3D electrodes | Chlorella (3–5 μm), Closterium | PBS | Separation | 300 μm/s | >90% | Wang et al. [81] | |
| Right-angle bipolar electrodes | Euglena, H. pluvialis, C. reinhardtii, Dunaliella salina, and Platymonas | DEP buffe | High-efficiency selection of non-spherical flagellate algae | 54 μL/h 72 μL/h 48 μL/h |
92.06% 92.78% 99.06% |
Chen et al. [82] | |
| Integrated DEP and inertial forces | Cladocopim (10 μm), Effrenium (15 μm) |
PBS | Separation and enrichment | 200 μm/min, 300 μm/min |
90% | Zhou et al. [83] | |
| Microelectrodes | Yeast cells | TES, CaCl2, sucrose | Capture and separation | 1 μL/min | >94% | Julius et al. [84] |