Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis conducted by Alkabbani et al. [29] for the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis among patients using sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors compared with active comparators
| First author (Year) | Design | Cases/ Participants |
Duration of study | Mean Age (years) | Female (No, %) | SGLT-2 Inhibitor or Exposure Group | Comparator |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lavalle-González (2013) | RCT | 1/1284 | 1 year | 55.4 | 52.9 | Canagliflozin | Placebo/sitagliptin |
| Roden (2015) | RCT | 1/680 | 1.46 years | 55.0 | 38.7 | Empagliflozin | Placebo/sitagliptin |
| Haering (2015) | RCT | 2/2702 | 1.46 years | 57.1 | 49.1 | Metformin + sulfonylureas + empagliflozin | Metformin + sulfonylureas |
| Frías (2016) | RCT | 1/463 | 0.54 years | 54.2 | 52.1 | Dapagliflozin | Exenatide |
| Hollander (2018) | RCT | 1/1361 | 1 year | 58.2 | 51.5 | Ertugliflozin | Glimepiride |
| Pratley (2018) | RCT | 1/1232 | 1 year | 55.1 | 46.1 | Ertugliflozin | Sitagliptin |
| Gallo (2019) | RCT | 1/414 | 2 years | 56.6 | 53.6 | Ertugliflozin | Placebo/glimepiride |
| Fralick (2017) | Cohort study | 81/76,090 | 0.5 years | 54.6 | 47.3 | SGLT-2i | DPP-4i |
| Wang (2017) | Cohort study | 55/60,932 | 1.5 years | 53.8 | NA | SGLT-2i | Non-SGLT-2i AHAs |
| Kim (2018) | Cohort study | 63/112,650 | 3.5 years | 53.2 | 44.8 | SGLT-2i | DPP-4i |
| Ueda (2018) | Cohort study | 30/34,426 | 3.5 years | 61.0 | 39.0 | SGLT-2i | GLP-1 |
| McGurnaghan (2019) | Cohort study | 677/238,876 | 12 years | 65.8 | 43.5 | Dapagliflozin | No-user for dapagliflozin |
| Douros (2020) | Cohort study | 505/404,372 | 5 years | 63.9 | 41.5 | SGLT-2i | DPP-4i |
| Wang-CCAE (2019) | Cohort study | 668/220,504 | 4.6 years | 46.9 | 49.1 | SGLT-2i | Insulinotropic AHAs† |
| Wang-MDCD (2019) | Cohort study | 155/20,532 | 4.7 years | 46.0 | 65.8 | SGLT-2i | Insulinotropic AHAs† |
| Wang-MDCR (2019) | Cohort study | 80/27,764 | 4.7 years | 74.2 | 54.0 | SGLT-2i | Insulinotropic AHAs† |
| Wang-Optum (2019) | Cohort study | 379/115,722 | 4.5 years | 58.8 | 49.3 | SGLT-2i | Insulinotropic AHAs† |
†Includes DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SU, nateglinide, and repaglinide