Table 8.

Overview of in vitro studies related to quercetin.

Polyphenol	Cell Line	Concentration/ Duration	Anti-Cancer Effects	Type IV Collagenase-Mediated Mechanisms	Reference
Quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone)	A375 A2058 B16 F10	10, 20, 40, 60 µM for 16, 24 h or 60 µM for 3, 6, 12, 24 h or 20, 40, 60, 80 µM for 24 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion ↓proliferation ↑apoptosis	↓MMP-2, -9 mRNA, activity ↑pERK, ↑pAkt protein	[105]
	MCF-7 MDA-MB-231	50, 100 µM for 24 h (quercetin or gold-nanoparticle-conjugated quercetin)	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion ↓proliferation ↓angiogenesis	↓MMP-2, -9 protein ↓pPI3 K, ↓Akt, ↓pAkt	[100]
	CT26 MC38 CCD-18 Co	10, 25, 50, 100 µM for 24 h or 50 µM for 3, 6, 9, 12 h or 50 µM for 15, 30, 60 min or 0.1, 1, 10 µM for 24 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion ↓proliferation ↑apoptosis	↓MMP-2, -9 mRNA, activity ↑TIMP-1, -2 mRNA ↑pERK, pp38 protein	[102]
	A549 H1975 HCC827	10, 25, 50 µM for 24 h or 50 µM for 10, 30 min, 6, 24 h or 50 µM for 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion	↓MMP-2 protein ↓pAkt	[101]
	HOS MG63	25, 50, 100 µM for 6, 12, 24 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion	↓MMP-2, -9 mRNA, protein	[106]
	U251	10, 20, 30, 40 μg/mL for 24, 48 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion ↓proliferation ↑apoptosis	↓MMP-2, -9 protein	[85]
	U251	10 μg/mL for 24, 48 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion	↓MMP-2, -9 protein	[86]
	MCF-7	25, 50, 100, 200 µM for 4, 5, 24, 72 h (quercetin) 0.7, 1.4, 2.8, 5.6 mg/mL for 4, 5, 24, 72 h (hyaluronic acid nanohydrogel of quercetin) with or without 1, 10 nM of Everolimus	↓proliferation ↑apoptosis	↓MMP-2, -9 protein	[95]
	IL-6-induced PATU-8988	20, 40, 80 µM for 24, 48 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion	↓MMP-2 mRNA, protein	[92]
	MCF-7 MDA-MB-231	20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100 µM for 6, 24 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion	↓MMP-2, -9 protein ↓pAkt protein ↓pmTOR protein	[99]
	BGC823 AGS	10 µM for 72 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion ↓proliferation	↓MMP-2, -9 activity ↓pNF-κB p65 protein ↓pERK-1/-2 protein	[91]
	Nickel-induced A549	2, 5 µM for 24 h 2, 5 µM for 4 h before Nickel (1 mM) for 5–10 min or 1, 1.5, 12 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion	↓MMP-2 activity ↓MMP-9 activity, protein ↓NF-κB p65 protein ↓IKKβ protein ↓I-κBα protein	[84]
	U2 OS Saos-2	20, 40, 60, 80, 100 µM for 48 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion ↓proliferation ↓cell adhesion ↑apoptosis	↓MMP-2, -9 mRNA ↑TIMP-1, -2 mRNA	[89]
	HSC-6 SCC-9	50 µM for 24, 48 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion ↓proliferation	↓MMP-2, -9 protein	[88]
	MCF-7	80 µM for 24 h with or without 5 µM of lonidamine	↓proliferation ↑apoptosis	↓MMP-2, -9 mRNA	[97]
	MCF-7	5, 100 µM for 12, 24, 48 h with or without 5 µM of tamoxifen	↑proliferation (5 µM) ↓proliferation (100 µM) ↑cell migration (5 µM) ↓cell migration (100 µM) ↑cell invasion (5 µM) ↓cell invasion (100 µM) ↓apoptosis (5 µM) ↑apoptosis (100 µM)	↑MMP-2 mRNA (5 µM) ↓MMP-2 mRNA (100 µM) ↑MMP-9 mRNA (5 µM) ↓MMP-9 mRNA (100 µM)	[94]
	PA-1	50, 75 µM for 24 h	↓cell migration ↓cell adhesion ↓proliferation	↓MMP-2 mRNA, protein, activity ↓MMP-9 mRNA, protein, activity ↓PI3 K/pPI3 K mRNA, protein ↓Akt/pAkt mRNA, protein ↓mTOR/pmTOR mRNA, protein ↓ERK-1/-2 protein	[93]
	Eca109	5, 10 μg/mL for 8, 12, 24 h	↓cell migration ↓cell invasion ↓proliferation	↓MMP-2, -9 protein	[90]
	MDA-MB-231	50 µM for 24, 48 h with or without 32 nM of doxorubicin	↓cell migration ↓proliferation	↓MMP-2, -9 mRNA	[96]
	A549	20, 40 µM for 24 h	↓proliferation ↓cell migration ↓cell invasion	↓MMP-2, -9 protein ↑TIMP-2 protein ↓pAkt ↓NF-κB	[83]
	H22 HepG2	25, 50, 100 µM for 24, 48, 72 h	↓proliferation ↓cell migration ↓cell invasion ↑autophagy	↓MMP-2, -9 protein ↓pNF-κB p65, ↓pIκBα protein	[103]
	HSC-3 Erlotinib-resistant ERL-R5, ERL-R10	5 µM for 24 h or 5, 10 µM with 5 µM of erlotinib	↓proliferation ↓cell migration ↓cell invasion ↓spheroid formation ↑apoptosis	↓MMP-2, -9 protein	[104]
	ZR-75-1 MCF-7 T47 D MDA-MB-231	2, 5 µM for 2, 10, 12, 24 h	↓proliferation ↓cell migration ↓cell invasion ↓cell adhesion ↑apoptosis	↓MMP-2, -9 protein, activity ↑TIMP-1, -2 protein	[98]

Legend: ↑ activation or increase; ↓ inhibition or decrease.