Table 2.
Risk for Anxiety or Depression Among Patients with COPD by Education Level and Living Environment
| Education Level and Living Environment | Anxiety | Depression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Education level | ||||
| High education level | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Low education level | 1.54 (1.07–2.22) * | 1.56 (1.06–2.29) * | 1.59 (1.16–2.17) ** | 1.62 (1.17–2.27) * |
| Living environment | ||||
| Rural living Environment | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Urban living environment | 2.19 (1.59–3.03) ** | 2.15 (1.51–3.05) ** | 2.08 (1.55–2.78) ** | 2.01 (1.46–2.75) ** |
Notes: Model 1: non-adjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, smoking history, body mass index, COPD Assessment Test, percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second; oxygen therapy, modified Medical Research Council score, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. * P<0.05, **P<0.01.