Table 5.
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of tracheostomy-free survival in ALS patients of the study.
| Variable | Univariate Analysis HR 95% CI p Value |
Multivariate Analysis HR 95% CI p Value |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male | 1.42 | 0.56–3.57 | 0.45 | |||
| Age at onset, y | 1.03 | 0.99–1.07 | 0.13 | |||
| Diagnostic delay, m | 0.90 | 0.82–0.99 | 0.040 | |||
| Onset Lower limb Upper limb Bulbar |
1 0.54 1.42 |
reference 0.18–1.58 0.50–4.06 |
0.259 0.507 |
|||
| Presence of FTD | 1.20 | 0.40–3.56 | 0.75 | |||
| Weight loss at diagnosis, Kg |
1.13 | 1.05–1.23 | 0.001 | |||
| C9ORF72 expansion | 0.75 | 0.17–3.26 | 0.70 | |||
| ALSFRS-R score at sampling points | 0.92 | 0.85–0.99 | 0.024 | |||
| Progression rate at sampling | 2.75 | 1.51–5.02 | 0.001 | 4.81 | 1.98–11.66 | 0.001 |
| FVC at diagnosis, % | 0.97 | 0.95–0.98 | 0.001 | |||
| Time to generalization, m |
0.94 | 0.90–0.99 | 0.027 | |||
| Pregnenolone sulfate, CSF * | 1.66 | 0.69–3.98 | 0.26 | |||
| Pregnenolone, CSF * | 1.34 | 0.56–3.21 | 0.507 | |||
| Progesterone, CSF * | 1.24 | 0.52–2.99 | 0.62 | |||
| 5α-dihydroprogesterone, CSF * | 0.60 | 0.25–1.43 | 0.25 | |||
| Allopregnanolone, CSF * | 3.24 | 1.28–8.19 | 0.013 | |||
| Pregnanolone, CSF * | 1.95 | 0.77–4.91 | 0.16 | |||
| Testosterone, CSF * | 1.45 | 0.24–8.80 | 0.68 | |||
| NfL, CSF (pg/mL) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.001 | |||
| NfL, serum (pg/mL) | 1.01 | 1.00–1.01 | <0.001 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.003 |
| NfH, CSF (pg/mL) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.030 | |||
| NfH, serum (pg/mL) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.58 | |||
| CHI3L1, CSF (pg/mL) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.65 | |||
| CHI3L1, serum (pg/mL) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.47 | |||
| SerpinA1, CSF (μg/mL) | 1.12 | 0.98–1.29 | 0.079 | |||
| SerpinA1, serum (μg/mL) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.59 | |||
| TREM2, CSF (ng/mL) | 1.03 | 0.97–1.11 | 0.31 | |||
| TREM2, serum (ng/mL) | 0.98 | 0.91–1.05 | 0.56 | |||
| Lymphocytes, blood (thousand/mmc) | 0.28 | 0.11–0.96 | 0.006 | |||
| Neutrophils, blood (thousand/mmc) | 1.14 | 0.88–1.48 | 0.32 | |||
| Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio | 0.04 | 0.00–0.46 | 0.010 | 1.41 | 1.11–1.80 | 0.005 |
| Monocytes, blood (thousand/mmc) | 0.95 | 0.03–28.07 | 0.975 | |||
| CRP, blood (mg/dL) | 1.31 | 0.39–4.41 | 0.66 | |||
* In the univariate survival analysis, neurosteroids were evaluated as independent factors using the median CSF values as cutoff points rather than their continuous values. The cutoff values were as follows: pregnenolone sulfate: 0.0491 ng/mL; pregnenolone: 0.0629 ng/mL; progesterone: 0.0221 ng/mL; 5α-dihydroprogesterone: 0.0215 ng/mL; allopregnanolone: 0.0076 ng/mL; pregnanolone: 0.0241 ng/mL; and testosterone: 0.0104 ng/mL.